Chitin is one of the most important component in fungal cell wall.Biosynthesis of chitin is a complex processes and needs several chitin synthase isoenzymes.The knowledge of structure,function and regulation of chitin synthases is mainly derived from the study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.In contrast with the 3 chitin synthases in S.cerevisiae,7 were found in most filamentous fungi.In this review the classification and function of chitin synthases are summerized,and progress in the studies on chitin synthases of filamentous fungi which are of theoretical or medical or agricultural importance,including Aspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus fumigatus and Ustilago maydis are emphasized.Recent ad-vance of research on chitin synthase as antifungal target is also discussed.

ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting both lower and upper motor neurons,including the pyramidal tract.There have been no objective and effective method to evaluate the lesions of upper motor neurons.With non-invasive,sensitive and macroscopic advantages,the application of Regular MR,MRS,DWI,function MR and VBM on ALS will undoubtedly have great potentials in the diagnosis,disease monitor and therapy of ALS.

Sophoramine ( Sa ) is an alkaloid from sophora alopecuroides. Linn., in anesthetize animals ( cat, rat and rabbit), intravenous adminstra-tion of Sa reduced rapidly and markly the arterial blood pressure. The mechanism of hypotension effect of Sa is mainly attributable to its sympathetic ganglionic blocking and direct vasodilatation. Experiment on the isolated hearts of guinea pig revealed that Sa produced negative chronotropic and positive inotropic action, and increased coronary flow simultaneously.In a study of experimental arrhythmia in animals,we observed that Sa could reduce the arrhythmia induced by aconitine in rats and decreased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by chloroform in mice.

Objective To evaluate the effect of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)in diagnosing e- sophageal and gastric varices in portal hypertension(PHT)patients.Methods Fifty-three patients with e- sophageal and gastric varices(EV、GV)of decompensation PHT and 20 patients without PHT as control were undergone EUS and esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)simultaneously.EUS detected mainly the EGV,e- sophagus and stomach collateral veins.Results EUS identified EV endoscopically in 29(54.7%)patients. EUS detected GV in 24(45.3%)patients,compared with detection in 18(34.0%)patients by esopha- gogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)(P＜0.001).EUS detected PEV in 27(51%)patients.Distribution rates of PEV in F1,F2 and F3 are 0%,28.6% and 75% respectively.The comparison between groups shows sig- nificant difference(P＜0.001).Splenic vein can be seen in both control and experimental groups with di- ameter 7.5?1.35mm VS 11.5?3.5mm respectively,the difference between two groups is significant(P＜0.001).Proximal diameters of Azygos vein in two groups is 7.36?1.29mm VS 8.77?2.94mm respective- ly.Significant difference can be found(P＜0.05).Conclusion EUS had significant value in the diagnosis of PHT with EV and GV,and especially in detecting abnormalities of extra-luminal veins.

Induced pluripotent stem cell is a landmark in the stem cell study field, which has rapidly developed in the past 10 years.By obtaining induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cell, and then differentiating into cardiomyocyte, various cardiomyocyte disease models could be established,which can be used for research of disease mechanisms, drug screening and gene therapy.This review introduces the successfully established cardiomyocyte disease models from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and points out the problems and prospects.

Adult ; Aspergillosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngeal Diseases ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Vocal Cords ; pathology

Objective To study the clinical effect of SCOFIX on thoracolumbar fracture.Methods The clinical data of twenty-five cases with thoracolumbar fracture treated with SCOFIX system were retrospectively anal- ysed.Results With six to twenty-two months follow-up,anterior height of compressed vertebral bodies was restored from 46.8 %(12%～60%)preoperatively to 92%(90%～100%)postoperatively,and that of posterior height was from 77.5%(26%～86%)to 96.7%(90%～100%).Cobb's angle was from 15.7?(12?～26?)preoperatively to 1.4?(0?～6?)postoperatively.Conclusion SCOFIX system was simple structured,easily used and strongly fixed, and it was a good system in spinal internal fixation and for deeply reseach.

Objetive To analyze the standard of training and evaluation on semi-automatic biochemical analyzer to improve grass-root medical unit in training on the analyzer.Methods The standard was analyzed and expounded from the aspects of scope of application,requirements,subjects setting,key links as well as the demands of evaluation scoring scale.Results The main points of the standard included elementary knowledge of biochemical analysis as well as the structure,principle,installation,operation,application,maintenance and etc of the semi-automatic biochemical analyzer.The integration of personnel and instrument contributed to accurate and rapid output of test report.Conclusion It is necessary to grasp accurately the connotation of the standard to improve the quality of medical equipment training.

Objective:To explore the influences of different sexes and ages on children static balance at the basis of quantitative comparison study of static postural balance of children aged 6-8(-year-odl).Method:A total of 499 children aged 6-8-year-old were recruited,which include 254 boys and 245 girls.Static postural balance test of these subjects was performed by using KY-1112 system for stabilometric analysis with subjects opening and closing eyes situations.Result:①There was a significant gender difference in static balance.At gender comparison,there was a significant difference on 3 indicators at the situations with eyes opening(P<0.05),and 3 indicators at the situations with eyes closing(P<0,01).②A significant difference Was shown in age comparison on 5 indicators(P<0.05).The mean of 5 indicators decreased with age growing.As compared with the value among Eve Area(with eyes opening and closing)and Track location Variance (with eyes opening).there Was a significant difference between children aged 8-year-old and 6-7-year-old(P<0.01),and no significant difference between 6-year-old and 7-year-old.There was a very significant difference on the LNG indicators at the situations with eyes opening and closing(P<0.01).③The value R indicator Was less than 1.Conclusion:To the children aged 6-8-year-old,there was significant gender difference in static balance,the balance function of girls was better than that of boys;there was significant age difference in static balance,with age growing the static balance rose also;relatively speaking,the gravity center shaking area was larger at forward and backward than that at leftward and rishtward.

Objective To investigate the association between serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage(HICH). Methods The level of serum GFAP was detected in 68 patients with HICH by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and its relationship with bleeding volume,bleeding part,neural deficit score(NDS) and prognosis was analysed, also compared those with the normal control (NC) group. Results Compared with NC group, the levels of serum GFAP in HICH group were increased significantly in 1~14 d after onset (all P20 ng/ml had worse prognosis.Conclusions The level of serum GFAP in patients with HICH is increased significantly, and it is correlate with bleeding volume, condition and prognosis.