Laccase is one of the most important oxidoreductase with industrialization potential. However, due to the high cost and catalytic toxicity of laccase synthetic mediator, the laccase-mediator-system still cannot achieve industrialization. Therefore, searching for high efficient, environment-friendly, and cheap natural mediator from small molecule precursors or intermediates and degradation products of lignin has been considered as a hot research topic. Therefore, we introduce the type and catalytic mechanism of laccase mediator, the composition and separation of natural laccase mediator from water washed solution of steam exploded straw, black liquor and lignocelluloses degradation products during the fermentation of white-rot fungi. We also provide the theoretical and technical direction for exploring of high reactive of laccase natural mediators and achieving the oriented high-value utilization of lignocellulose degradation products.
Basidiomycota ; Fermentation ; Laccase ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Steam

Biomass is the most abundant organic macromolecules in nature, which is expected to achieve the brilliant of biorefinery equivalent to petroleum refining. However, it is considered as the future industry to human due to the complicated composition and transformation processes. The traditional lignocellulose bio-refining thoughts ignored the functional requirements of products, but spent a lot of energies to destruct macromolecule into small molecules, and then converted the small molecules into different products, which was high energy consumption and low atom economy. How to realize the biorefinery of lignocellulose is the key point and difficulty to achieve the biomass industry. An ideal biorefinery of lignocellulose should as far as possibly to obtain the maximum yield of each component, to maintain the integrity of the molecule, to optimize the utilization of raw materials and finally to realize the maximum value. Therefore, it requires the raw materials refining of lignocellosic biomass should be based on the relationship of structure, process transformation and related product characteristics. This special issue reports the latest advances in the fields of raw material refinery, refining technologies, conversion technologies of component.
Biomass ; Biotransformation ; Lignin ; chemistry

Objective To observe the clinical curative effect of skin-region drainage therapy combined with Sanpian Decoction in treating migraine.Methods A total of 90 cases of migraine patients were randomly divided into combination group and acupuncture group,45 cases in each group.The combination group was treated with skinregion drainage therapy combined with oral use of Sanpian Decoction,and the acupuncture group was treated with conventional acupuncture therapy.Seven days constituted one treatment course,and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated after 3 courses of treatment.Results (1) The total effective rate of the combination group and acupuncture group was 95.6％ and 82.2％ respectively,and there were significant differences between the two groups (P ＜ 0.05).(2) After treatment and 3 months after treatment suspension,the pain scores of the two groups were significantly decreased(P ＜ 0.01 compared with those before treatment),and the pain scores of the combination group were lower than those of the acupuncture group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The skin-region drainage therapy combined with Sanpian Decoction exerts certain effect in treating migraine.

Objective To observe the effects of auditory integration training on language development delay in mental retardation children.Methods 40 cases were devided into observation group (n=20) and control group (n=20). All the children accepted speech training,while the observation group accepted auditory integration training in addition. They were assessed with the development quotient (DQ) of adaptability and language of Gesell developmental schedules before and 6 months after treatment. Results DQ of adaptability and language improved after treatment in both groups (P<0.05), and improved more in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Auditory integration training may further improve the language development in mental retardation children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulating pattern of kidney-tonifying recipes and spleen-invigorating recipe on the expression of T lymphocyte apoptosis signaling-related genes in corticosterone-treated rats. METHODS: We analyzed the activation-induced T lymphocyte apoptpsis rate through TUNEL-labelled flow-cytometry assay, quantified the mRNA expression level of T cell apoptosis-regulating genes by using the fluoresecence real-time PCR, analyzed the activity of caspase-8 and caspase-3 by colorimetric assay. RESULTS: (1) T lymphocyte apoptosis rate of corticosterone-treated rats was higher than that of the normal control rats; T lymphocyte apoptosis rates of Youguiyin treated rats and Bushen Yishou Capsule treated rats were lower than that of the corticosterone-treated group; T lymphocyte apoptosis rate of Sijunzi Decoction treated rats displayed no significance compared with that of the corticosterone-treated group. (2) Pro-apoptotic genes such as Fas, FasL, TNFR1, and Bax displayed increased expression level in corticosterone-treated group compared with normal control group. Two kidney-tonifying recipes down-regruated the expression level of FasL and TNFR1, at the same time, both recipes up-regulated the expression level of Bcl-2. The spleen-invigorating recipe had up-regulating effect on the expression level of Bcl-2. And all these results had statistical significance. (3) The activities of caspase-8 and caspase-3 were increased in corticosterone-treated rats compared with normal control; both kidney-tonifying recipes had significant effect on decreasing the activities of these two apoptosis executioners. CONCLUSION: The excessive apoptosis of T cell in corticosterone-treated rats could be effectively modulated with two kidney-tonifying recipes. Down-regulating the expression of FasL and TNFR1 and up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 as well as decreasing the activities of caspase-8 and caspase-3 may be the unique regulating pattern of tonifying-kidney method with respect to T cell apoptosis related genes in corticosterone-treated rats.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a simple but practical evaluation system of pharmacoeconomics.METHODS:The data base of this system was built up using the SQL Server 2000.Delphi was used as programming tool to develop an evaluation system of pharmacoeconomics.RESULTS:This system has good human-computer interfaces,including the interfaces of data input,cost-effectiveness analysis,cost-benefit analysis and cost-utility analysis.The sensitivity analytic results consisted of the computed results of simple analysis,bootstrap analysis and rank-order stability analysis.CONCLUSION:System testing indicates the system is simple in operation and reliable in analytical results,which thus deserves to be popularized.

BACKGROUND:Neural stem cells, as a hot topic in neuroscience research, have a wide application prospect in the treatment of neurological damage, but how to obtain a large number of terminally differentiated and purified nerve cells with homogeneous features is a difficult problem in this field. The use of intracellular fluorescence reporter system to track the process of neural stem cell differentiation and obtain a single kind of terminally differentiated and purified nerve cells provides a viable option. OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of GFAP promoter-driven fluorescence reporter system in tracing the neural differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). METHODS: Cerebral cortex of mouse embryos were primarily dissociated and sent for digesting and pipetting mechanically before suspension culture, followed by immunofluorescence staining of Nestin to identify their biological characteristics. Lentivirus carrying pLV/Final-neo-GFAP(promoter)-dTomato vector was employed to infect above-mentioned NSCs, and Geneticin (G418) was used to obtain purified NSCs at 14 days. Subsequently the purified cells were induced to differentiate into astrocyte-like cells; meanwhile red fluorescence changes in cells were observed by microscopy. The red fluorescent cells were then subjected to perform immunofluorescence staining at 13 days after induction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The expression of Nestin in the isolated primary cells was strongly positive. Purified NSCs were obtained by lentivirus infection and subsequent G418 resistance selection at 14 days. After induced into astrocyte-like cells, the red fluorescence was observed in the cells under the microscope and furthermore, GFAP staining was also positive. Mouse NSCs carrying neo-GFAP(promoter)-dTomato were successfully obtained. The cells could express dTomato under the control of GFAP promoter, which provides a powerful tool for research on NSC differentiation mechanism, neural transplantation and tissue engineering product development.

Objective To propose a grasp torque control based on experimental learning and haptic feedback to facilitate the manipulator in dexterous manipulation.Methods An experience database was built firstly,and then the object was recognized by tactile feedback in the grasp task.If the object had been experitentially grasped,the torque was output based on the database.In case a new object was grasped,the optimal output torque was calculated by iterative learning.Results The experiment showed that the robot hand could find the experiential output torque quickly when encountering the object in database and calculate the torque by iterative learning to achieve grasp task.Conclusion The experiential database grows up when the robot hand learns more and more experience.It can fast output torque like human in the grasp task.

Objective To investigate the relationship between motor abnormality of sphincter of Oddi(SO) and hepatolithiasis.Methods The hepatolithiasis rabbit models were established in adult rabbits(n=64) which were randomly divded into 2 groups:control group(n=16)and experimental group(n=48),including 2 wk,4 wk and 8 wk group(n=16 per group).During the formation process of hepatolithiasis,bile character and ratio of stone formation were both observed,then the myoelectric waves of SO were recorded.Finally,The SO segment was sliced and observed by transmissional electron microscope.Results The rate of true stone formation in group 8 wk(68.75%,11/16)was higher than that in group 4wk(12.50%,2/16)and in group 2wk(0.00%,0/16).Compared with the control group,there was significant decrease of both SO myoelectric peak amplitude and SO myoelectric frequency in the experimental group.Electron microscopy showed that SO cells in control group and 2wk group had no change,but the 4wk and 8wk groups underwent changes including fibrolysis of myofilament,increase of collagen fibers,fusion and thickening of microfilament,decrease and array disorder of macula densa,swelling of chondrosome and endoplasmic reticulum,widening of perinuclear space and deviation and pyknosis of nucleus,and formation of inclusion body in cytoplasm;and the degeneration degree in 8wk group was obvious than that in group 4wk.Conclusions The functional abnormality of SO may contribute important effects on the formation of hepatolithiasis.Fibrous degeneration of SO maybe the pathogenesis of functional abnormality of SO.

0.999 0, and RSDs were not more than 3.26%. The recovery rates were 94.12%-104.30% .The lowest detected concentration was 1.43 mg/L. There was no significant difference between the results of this method and Na2EDTA titration. Conclusion The method was rapid, accurate and highly sensitive.