AIM: To investigate the antinociceptive effect of anticholinesterase agent physostigmine at different postoperative time, and the interaction of intravenous physostigmine with intrathecal morphine in rats. METHODS: Six groups of rats were operated on for intrathecal and intravenous catheterization. Nociceptive responses of hind paws of each animal were measured with "plantar stimulation" test 1-3 h and 3 d postoperatively. Animals received intravenous (iv) physostigmine, intrathecal (ith) morphine, or combination of both. The antinociceptive effect of each group was converted to the percent maximum possible effect (% MPE). RESULTS: Administration of physostigmine 1-3 h after operation resulted in dramatic increase in % MPE. The effects of combinations of iv physostigmine and ith morphine were more pronounced at early postoperative time. The potency of low dose combination was significantly greater than that of double doses of both drugs. The % MPE of the observed effects of all combinations was significantly higher than that of the expected additive effects. CONCLUSION: The antinociception of physostigmine occurs at early postoperative time. The interaction of iv physostigmine with ith morphine indicates their synergistic effect.

ObjectiveTo determine the depth of sedation induced by target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol required to inhibit the swallowing reflex.MethodsThirty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ healthy volunteers,aged 20-60 yr,with body mass index ＜ 30 kg/m2,were enrolled in the study.Sedation was performed with TCI of propofol.The initial target plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol was set at 2.4 μg/ml and the Cp increased or decreased by 0.2 μg/ml every 5 min until the BIS value reached the predetermined level.The initial Cp of propofol was increased or decreased by 0.3 μg/ml in the next subject according to the BIS value in the previous one.The up-and-down sequential experiment was pedormed.The BIS value was set at 65 in the first subject and the ratio of the BIS value between the two consecutive subjects was 1.1.The BIS value was increased or decreased depending on the occurrence of the swallowing reflex in the previous subject.The half-effective BIS value (BIS50) and 95％confidence interval (CI) of propofol inhibiting the swallowing reflex were calculated by up-and-down sequential method.ResultsThe BIS50 of propofol required to inhibit the swallowing reflex was 64.4 (95％ CI 59.3-69.8).ConclusionThe BIS50 and 95％ CI of propofol administered by TCI and required to inhibit the swallowing reflex is 64,4 (59.3-69.8).

The experiment was designed to investigate the effect of salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen ) and its effective composition, phenyl lactic acid (Danshensu )on the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Acute hypoxia was induced by replacing mixed gas 95%O2+ 5 %CO2 with 95%N2 + 5 %CO2. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was diminished by injectic Danshen, Injectic Danshen compound and Danshensu with concentration dependently. Tile effect of Danshensu was the most,and Injectic Danshen Co was second by comparison. The results suggested that Danshen can antagonist HPV which was mainly produced by Danshensu, one of the effective composition of Danshen,and that more potent inhibitory action on HPV was by Injectio Danshen compound compared with Injectio Danshen,and this may be related to the addition of Dalbergia odorifera , the other composition of Injectic Danshen compound.

Objective Increasing evidence shows that excitatory amino acids (EAAS) play an important role in the development of brain ischemia/reperfusion damage EAAS accumulation in ischemic tissues induces a sequence of biochemical reactions and eventually leads to cell death The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of propofol ,midazolam and thiopental on amino acid accumulation in ischemic areas in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia Methods Male SD rats weighing 240 260g were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate 350mg/kg and middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was performed according to the method of Longa The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 7animals each: group A (ischemia group) received 3 h MCA occlusion without reperfusion and medication; group B (ischemia/reperfusion group) received 3 h MCA occlusion followed by 3 h reperfusion without medication; group C,D and E received propofol or midazolam or thiopental 50mg/kg intrapentoneally after MCA occlusion but before reperfusion Commom carotid artery(CCA),external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery(ICA) were exposed through a longitudinal incision in the neck A 4 0 nylon thread with rounded tip was inserted into ICA through ECA and threaded cranially until slight resistance was felt The distance from the bifurcation of CCA to the tip of the nylon thread was about 22 cm In this way MCA was occluded After 3 h MCA occlusion the nylon thread was withdrawn to allow reperfusion After 3 h reperfusion the animals were sacrificed with lethal dose of chloral hydrate Brain was removed immediately Hemispheres of both sides were weighed separately and kept at -75℃ Concentrations of various amino acids (aspartate,glutamate,glycine,taurine and GABA) of each hemisphere were measured with high performance liquid chromatography Results Propofol and midazolam significantly reduced aspartate and glutamate accumulation in ischemic areas during reperfusion Propofol augmented but midazolam diminished GABA accumulation Thiopental had no significant effect Conclusions Propofol and midazolam may provide neuroprotection through acceleretion of excitatory amino acid elimination during reperfusion but thiopental does not

Objective To observe and compare the control effect of monitored anesthesia care on stress reaction of operation under local anesthesia.Methods Fourty-five patients who undered ophthalmology and otolaryngology operation and ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ class,aged 20-55 years were enrolled.They were randomly divided into 3 groups:monitored anesthesia care(M group),general anesthesia (G group),and local anesthesia (L group).All of three groups were performed local nerve block anesthesia.Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)、heart rate (HR) were recorded at enter room (T1),the strongest operation stimulation (T2),the end of operation (T3).At the same time,the levels of blood glucose,plasma cortisol (Cor) were assayed.The scores of state of anxiety (S-AI) before operation and after operation in two groups were compared.Results The levels of MAP and Cor at T2,T3 and HR at T2 in G group and M group were significantly lower than those at T1:(68.1 ± 8.2),(78.8 ± 12.8) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(95.7 ± 11.3) mmHg;(80.8 ± 11.7),(86.2 ± 9.0)mmHg vs.(94.7 ± 11.5) mmHg;(207.0 ±71.8),(135.2 ± 60.9) nmol/L vs.(336.7 ± 121.4) nmol/L;(220.8 ± 113.2),(190.4 ± 149.0) nmol/L vs.(347.8 ± 154.6) nmol/L;(68.1 ± 10.6) beats/min vs.(79.9 ± 14.2)beats/min;(70.3 ± 10.1) beats/min vs.(80.6 ± 12.2) beats/min,there were significant differences (P ＜0.05).The level of blood glucose at T3 was significantly lower than that at T1 in G group [(4.9 ± 0.7) mmol/L vs.(5.5 ± 0.6) mmol/L],there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of MAP,Cor at T2 in G group and M group,at T3 in G group were significantly lower than those at the same point in L group:[(68.1 ± 8.2),(80.8 ± 11.7) mmHg vs.(93.4 ± 12.5) mmHg,(207.0 ± 71.8),(220.8± 113.2) nmol/L vs.(367.1 ± 157.3)nmol/L,(78.8 ± 12.8) mmHg vs.(92.6 ± 15.3) mmHg,(135.2 ± 60.7) nmol/L vs.(311.9 ± 165.6) nmol/L],there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).The scores of S-AI at postoperative in G group and L group were significantly lower than that at preoperative:(31.5 ± 6.6) scores vs.(44.3 ± 15.0) scores,(35.2 ± 11.5) scores vs.(49.3 ± 14.2) scores,there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Monitored anesthesia care can alleviate stress reaction in operation with local anesthesia,while its effect is similar with general nesthesia.

AIM: To investigate the effects of propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium on neurologic and histologic outcome from focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). 　METHODS: Male SD rats were scheduled to undergo 3 h MCAO by intraluminal suture and 24 h reperfusion. Neurologic outcome was scored with a 0-5 grading scale. Infarct volume was shown with TTC staining and measured by image analysis system. Ultrastructure of the tissues taken from the brim of the damaged area was examined under electron microscope. 　RESULTS: Both propofol and midazolam could attenuate neurologic deficits, reduce infarct and edema volumes, and ameliorate ultrastructure damage at the brim of lesion. Propofol showed better neuroprotection than midazolam while thiopental sodium did not exhibit protective effect.　CONCLUSION: Propofol and midazolam, but not thiopental sodium, can provide protective effects against reperfusion induced injury in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia.

Objective To study the effects of dexmedetomidine on the swallowing reflex. Methods Sixty adult volunteers (ASAⅠ-Ⅱ) were randomly divided into two groups, dexmedetomidine sedation group and propofol sedation group respectively. The BIS value was maintained between 60-65 in both groups. Swallowing reflex was induced by water injection in the pharynx at different depths of sedation, and the swallowing movements were observed. Meanwhile, the RR, SpO2 and OAA/S scores were recorded. Results The swallowing reflex existed in dexmedetomidine sedation group when BIS values was maintained at 60, which had significant difference compared with that in propofol sedation group. The RR, SpO2, OAA/S score in dexmedetomidine sedation group also had statistical difference compared with that in propofol sedation group during swallowing reflex test. Conclusions Slow infusion of dexmedetomidine to maintain the BIS value above 60 will not affect swallowing reflex, and can obtain satisfactory hemodynamic stability. It′clinical safety is high.

Aim To study the effect of leuprorelin acetate microspheres (LE ms) on endometriosis in rats, and compare the efficacy of material drug (LE), domestic and imported LE ms (enanton). Methods Endometriosis was induced by endometrial implant in rats. Then the animals were treated with LE (20 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ? 28 d ,sc), enanton(20 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ,sc)and domestic LE ms ( 2,20,200 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ,sc). Results Implants in control group continued to grow, while those in groups treated with drugs shrinked significantly, and domestic LE ms could produce dose dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of endometrial implant in rats. Conclusion The domestic LE ms at the single dose of 20 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 has the same effectiveness as enanton and routine injection with the same does of LE for 28 days.

Abstract: Objective To clarify the long-term evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasi-species in HBsAg asymptomatic carriers in Long'an county, Guangxi. Methods ELISA was used to detect serological markers of HBV. Viral loads were measured by real time PCR. HBV DNA was extracted from serum by kits. The whole HBV genome was amplified using nested PCR and amplicons were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). These sequences from NGS were analyzed by the software like Mega. Results Serum samples were collected from 9 HBsAg asymptomatic carriers in Longan County，Guangxi at 4 different time points in 2004, 2007, 2013, 2019 or 2020. A total of 23 serum samples and 309 full-length gene quasi-species sequences were obtained, with an average amount of (0.18±0.07) G sequencing data for each sample. Genotype of 55.54%(5/9) the studied subjects underwent genotype conversion during the long-term evolution process of HBV quasi-species, and the genotyping results of the phylogenetic tree in the PreS/S region are in perfect agreement with the results of the whole genome analysis; recombinant B/C, I/C were found; the Sn ranged from 0 to 0.37 and the genetic diversity ranged from 0 to 0.11, respectively. A total of 21 special single nucleotide/amino acid mutations (7 in the S region, 2 in the X region, 3 in the PreC region and 9 in the BCP region) and 6 deletion mutations were detected, multiple mutations were found and no drug resistant mutations were found; 77.8%(7/9) of the HBV strains carried by the subjects in 2004 had double mutations at nt1 762(A→T) and 1 764(G→A) and a stop mutation at nt1 896(G→A); HBV mutations can be restored from the mutant type to the wild type and (or) vice versa without antiviral drug pressure, and The evolution rate of HBV genome was 2.03×10-5~3.50×10-3.Conclusion HBV genotype, recombinants, genetic complexity and diversity of HBV quasi-species can change over time during in natural infection. The transformation between HBV mutation type and wild type reduces the value of predicting clinical outcomes by genetic types and related mutations to some extent. The HBV genome evolution rate of asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg in Long'an County is very high.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium on outcomes and amino acid accumulation in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

METHODSMale Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were scheduled to undergo 3-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture and 24-hour reperfusion. Neurologic outcomes were scored on a 0-5 grading scale. Infarct volume was shown with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and measured by an image analysis system. Concentrations of various amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glycine, taurine, and gama-aminobutyric acid) were measured after 3 hours of reperfusion using high performance liquid chromatography. Propofol, midazolam and thiopental sodium were given intraperitoneally at the beginning of reperfusion.

RESULTSBoth propofol and midazolam attenuated neurological deficits and reduced infarct and edema volumes. Propofol showed better neurological protection than midazolam while thiopental sodium did not exhibit any protective effect. Both propofol and midazolam decreased excitatory amino acids accumulation, while propofol increased gama-aminobutyric acid accumulation in ischemic areas in reperfusion.

CONCLUSIONPropofol and midazolam, but not thiopental sodium, may provide protective effects against reperfusion induced injury in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. This neurological protection may be due to the acceleration of excitatory amino acids elimination in reperfusion.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Brain Edema ; drug therapy ; Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acids ; metabolism ; Male ; Midazolam ; pharmacology ; Myocardial Infarction ; drug therapy ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Propofol ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Thiopental ; pharmacology