OBJECTIVE To investigate and analyze the problems and challenges of HIV/AIDS epidemic on public health supervision in China.METHODS The main problems were found out by retrospective survey method,and could be solved through establishing a system of management.RESULTS The laws,regulations and specializations were strengthened and the full of public health supervision efforts were made.CONCLUSIONS It is essential to actively participate in widespread mass media education efforts to mainstream knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention and care.But also to strengthen laws and specializations,to improve the quality of supervision,and to prevent and control of HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Iodine ; deficiency ; therapeutic use ; Population Surveillance ; methods ; Program Evaluation ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; therapeutic use

Anemia of prematurity is very common in preterm infant.Phlebotomy losses and inadequate production of erythropoietin are the main reasons.Treatment of anemia of prematurity includes delayed umbilical cord clamping at delivery,decreasing phlebotomy losses,use of red cell growth factors such as erythropoietin properly,red blood cell transfusions,which are based on indications and guidelines.In this article we review recent studies in preventing and treating anemia in preterm infants.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; analysis ; Cadmium Compounds ; analysis ; Eye Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline ; pathology ; Oxides ; analysis ; Workplace ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND:Because of limited source and a relatively weak ability of differentiation and proliferation, how to take positive and effective measures to promote neural stem cel proliferation, differentiation has become the focus of research.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of drug-contained sera ofNaoluo Xintong versus Zuoguipil on the proliferation and differentiation ofin vitro cultured rat neural stem cels.
METHODS:Embryonic neural stem cels of Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and culturedin vitro, and then were co-cultured with the serum medium containing 10%Naoluo Xintong and 10%Zuoguipil, respectively. Comparative observations were performed between two groups by inverted microscope and immunofluorescence staining.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Under the inverted microscope, the cels began to grow in cluster and gather into a bal, but the diameter was relatively smal after 24-hour culture; the neurospheres expended further, with relatively regular shape, but no neurosphere differentiation appeared after 48 hours of culture. The average prominent length of the neurospheres in theZuoguipil group was significantly greater than that in theNaoluo Xintong group after 5 days of culture (P < 0.05). The rate of rat neural stem cels differentiating into MAP-2-positive cels in theZuoguipil group was significantly lower than that in the Naoluo Xintong group (P < 0.05), but the rate of differentiated cels positive for glial fibrilary acidic protein in theZuoguipil group was significantly higher than that in theNaoluo Xintong group (P < 0.05). After 48 hours of culture, neurospheres were cultured in the different drug-contained media, and 12 hours later, the neurospheres adhered to the wal, and a smal amount of cel migration occurred. Then, cel migration began to increase with time. Under the immunofluorescence staining: prominent neurons with long protrusions were increased in both two groups, but there were no significant differences in the proportion of neurons and astrocytes between two groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that drug-contained sera ofNaoluo Xintong andZuoguipil can both not only promote the proliferation and differentiation ofin vitro cultured rat neural stem cels, but also provide a suitable microenvironment for neural cel proliferation. Additionaly, there are significant differences between the two drugs. Consequently, it is feasible to induce neural cel proliferation and differentiation byNaoluo Xintong andZuoguipil.

Objective To compare the therapeutic efficacy between conventional nursing and conventional nursing plus electroacupuncture in treating gastrointestinal dysfunction after abdominal operation, and their effects in recovering gastrointestinal function. Method Sixty patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after abdominal operation were randomized into an electroacupuncture group and a control group according to their operation time, 30 cases in each group. The electroacupuncture group was intervened by conventional postoperative nursing plus electroacupuncture, by selecting bilateral Zusanli (ST36), Shangjuxu (ST37), Xiajuxu (ST39), Neiguan (PC6) and Taichong (LR3), connected to HANS electroacupuncture device, with frequency at 2 Hz and a tolerable intensity. The treatment was given once a day, for 5 d in total, till the recovery of gastrointestinal function. The control group was intervened by conventional postoperative nursing. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated at the end of the intervention. The time of first bowel sound, first exhaust time, and first bowel movement time were observed. The gastrointestinal symptom score (GIS) was adopted to evaluate the effects of the two methods in improving gastrointestinal function at the end of the intervention. Result The general therapeutic efficacy of electroacupuncture group was better than that of the control group(P<0.05). In the electroacupuncture group, time taken for the first bowel sound, first exhaust and first bowel movement after the operation was shorter(P<0.05). The GIS dropped in both groups after the treatment, and the improvement was more significant in the electroacupuncture group(P<0.05). Conclusion Electroacupuncture helps promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients with postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction, and can produce a more significant improvement.

Blind review is one of the most important milestones in clinical trials, which connects data management process to statistical analysis. During blind review, data quality should be reviewed and assessed on both data management and statistical aspects. The primary work of data managers in blind review is to ensure the accuracy of data before it is handed over to biostatistics group. Database auditing, listing data reviewing and reconciliation should become a good clinical data management practice. Statisticians, on the other hand, will focus on quality findings related to protocol deviations or protocol violations. To investigate the protocol deviations and/or violations and relevant impacts on data outcomes, it is important to provide the essential basis of data quality through the blind review, and to assess the reliability of study outcomes.
Biostatistics ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Data Accuracy ; Databases, Factual ; Reproducibility of Results

The risk of stroke increases significantly after transient ischemic attack (TIA). TIA is an independent risk factor for cerebral infarction. This article review s the advances in prediction models of stroke risk after TIA in order to conduct rapid and accurate risk assessment and stratification in patients w ith TIA and develop timely reasonable treatment strategies, thereby reducing the risk of stroke.

Objective To evaluate the effects of volume resuscitation with different fluids on expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP-1) in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of endotoxemic rats.Methods Fifty pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley,rats,weighing 250-300 g,aged 6-8 weeks,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =10 each):control group (group C),lipopolysaccharide group (group LPS),NaCl group (group NS),6％ hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 group (group HES) and hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch 40 group (group HSH).Sepsis was induced with LPS 5 mg/kg injected via the femoral vein.At l0 min after the model was successfully established,the corresponding fluids were infused into the femoral vein at a constant speed (15 ml/kg over 6 h) via a pump.At 0,3 and 6 h after LPS administration,blood samples were collected from the femoral artery for measurement of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and for blood gas analysis.PaO2 and lactate (Lac) concentrations were recorded and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) was calculated.The rats were sacrificed at 6 h after LPS administration,and lungs were removed for determination of AQP-1 expression in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio),and for microscopic examination of the pathological changes which were scored.Results Compared with group C,W/D ratio,serum TNF-α and Lac concentrations,and pathological scores were significantly increased,AQP-1 expression was down-regulated,and PaO2 and oxygenation index were decreased in LPS,NS,HES and HSH groups.Compared with group LPS,W/D ratio,serum TNF-a and Lac concentrations,and pathological scores were significantly decreased,AQP-1 expression was up-regulated,and PaO2 and oxygenation index were increased in NS,HES and HSH groups.Compared with group NS,W/D ratio,serum TNF-α and Lac concentrations,and pathological scores were significantly decreased,AQP-1 expression was up-regulated,and PaO2 and oxygenation index were increased in HES and HSH groups.Compared with group HES,the blood Lac concentrations were significantly decreased,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters in group HSH.Conclusion Volume resuscitation with NaC1,hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch 40 can reduce the lung injury effectively in endotoxemic rats,and hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch 40 provides more significant efficacy,and up-regulated AQP-1 expression in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells is involved in the mechanism.