As a new learning method,mind map presents learning materials in a visual,radical and non-linear way.Application of mind map in teaching of pathophysiology could help teachers get the thread of textbook,enhance students'motivation for learning,help students get the main points and improve their efficiency.Mind map could make students think in a way of problem-based learning,and its advantage in training up divergent thinking could also develop students'innovation ability.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the curative effect of Rifampicin Injection-Capsule sequential therapy for retreatment of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) at intensive stage.METHODS: 80 patients with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis at intensive stage were enrolled: 40(treatment group) were randomly assigned to receive HZES plus Rifampicin Injection-Capsule sequential therapy,and another 40(control group) to receive HZES plus Rifampicin capsule.Follow-up of sputum negative conversion rate,pulmonary lesion,and toxcity were scheduled at the end of first and second month during intensified stage.RESULTS: At the end of first and second month during intensified stage,the sputum negative conversion rates were 82.5% and 97.5% respectively in the treatment group versus 65.0% and 85.0% respectively in control gorup;the X-ray imaging test of chests revealed that the responsive rates were 17.5% and 40.0% in the treatment groups versus 10.0%and 25.0% in the control group.At the end of second month,the cavity closure(or diminution) rate was 41.7% in the treatment group versus 22.7% in the control group;the incidence of hepatic lesion was 22.5% verus 25.0% and that of gastrointestinal tract toxcity was 20.0% versus 45.0%.CONCLUSION: Rifampicin Injection-Capsule sequential therapy was proved to be of rapid onset of effect,remarkable efficacy,less toxicity and satisfactory efficacy in controlling symptom,shortening bacterial clearance time,reducing side effects and treating severe TB.

0.05),an effective mA seconds in the experimental group(296.74?19.15)mAs,than in the control group 350 mAs was reduced about 15.4%(P

Arm lymphedema is a common and persistent complication of breast cancer surgery. Surgery or radiotherapy damages axillary lymphatic vessels and obstructs lymphatic reflux, leading to the accumulation of lymph fluid in the superficial soft tissues of the upper limbs and the subsequent formation of edema. Clinical treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema remains a worldwide problem. Currently, there is still no cure.

BACKGROUND:Decidua tissue is one of the most important sources of endometrial stem cel s, from which stromal stem cel s can differentiate into various kinds of cel s under contain inductions. OBJECTIVE:To observe the differentiation of endometrial stromal stem cel s isolated from early-pregnancy decidua into endometrial epithelial cel s. METHODS:Endometrial stromal stem cel s from early-pregnancy decidua were cultured, identified and directional y induced. Then induced cel s were randomized into test group cultured in conditioned medium and control group cultured in normal culture medium containing fetal bovine serum. Expression of keratin was detected by immunofluorescence assay and western bolt assay in the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The endometrial stromal stem cel s from early-pregnancy decidua were successful y isolated and cultured, and presented with a S-shaped curve. Within 1-48 hours after inoculation, cultured cel s were in the adaptation phase;then, the cel s proliferated rapidly and began to grow logarithmical y at 48 hours after culture;after 60 hours of culture, the cel growth rate decreased, with a steady rise in the cel curve. Results from the flow cytometry detection showed that the endometrial stromal stem cel s could express CD73 and CD90, but not express CD34, CD45 and cytokeratin. Immunofluorescence findings showed the expression of keratin negative in the control group, and mostly positive in the test group. Besides, the relative expression of keratin in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that the endometrial stromal stem cel s can be isolated from the human decidua in early pregnancy, and differentiate into endometrial epithelial cel s by directional induction.

Objective To investigate the variation of coagulation parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients with microvascular complication. Methods Coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters were measured in 40 healthy controls (control group) and 80 T2DM patients (T2DM group) with (47 patients) and without (33 patients) microvasular complications. Results Compared with those in control group, the serum levels of fibrinogenand D-D dimmersin in T2DM group were found to be increased significantly:(4.29±1.70) mg/L vs. (3.12±0.49) mg/L, 0.395 (0.265-0.910) mg/L vs. 0.215 (0.163-0.300) mg/L, P<0.05;while the activity of antithrombin III and protein S levels were significantly decreased in T2DM group:(94.11±25.04)%vs. (103.90±12.48)%,(70.23±23.22)%vs. (90.35±17.35)%, P<0.05. Amongst the T2DM patients, the serum levels of APTT, fibrinogen,D-D dimmers, and the activity of protein S in patients with microvascular complication were found to be significantly higher than those in patients without microvascular complication:(38.09±5.73) s vs. (34.53±4.13) s,(4.60±1.93) mg/L vs.(3.86±1.21) mg/L, 0.630(0.320-1.200) mg/L vs 0.310(0.240-0.405) mg/L, (79.4± 22.16)%vs. (57.15±18.05)%, P<0.05. Conclusion Hypercoagulable state and decreased anti-coagulation ability may contribute to the risk of development of microvascular complication in T2DM patients.

Objective:To study the significance of detection o f lymph node micrometastas is by immunohistochemical method with monoclonal anti-karatin antibody in patie nts with colorectal cancer.Methods:We examined 331 lymph nodes obtai ned from 47 colo rectal cancer patients who underwent a curative operation and diagosed by using immunohistochemistry SB techniques.Monoclonal mouse anti-keratin antibodies (AE1,AE1/AE3,AE3)were used as the primary reagents to identify tumor cells both in tumor tissues and lymph nodes.Results:A total of 36 micrometa stasis among 331 lymph nodes(11.9%) were found.Duke's C staging patients had more lymph nodes m etastasis than that in Duke's B staging patients(P＜0.05).Postoperative fol low-up revealed that recurrence rate was high and the latent period of distant metastasis was much shorter in patients with occult mirometastasis th an those without.Conclusions:Even in histologically negative lym ph nodes,there i s a considerable possibility that micrometastasis may exist.The immunohistochemical detection of monoclonal anti-keratin antibody can explica te clinical staging a nd as an indication for colorectal cancer therapy.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical outcome of transcrestal maxillary sinus floor elevation(TMSFE)in the presence of pseudocyst.Methods:14 cases with pseudocyst were treated by TMSFE.In the operation following osteotome,pseudocyst was not ex-cised and sinus floor membrane was elevated,15 implants were placed for the 14 cases.Definite prosthesis was delivered about 6 months after implant placement.CBCT examination was done before,immediately after and 1-year after surgery,the cyst condition, the gain of vertical bone height and implant stability over time were observed.Results:Pre-operation residual ridge height of the alveo-lar crest was (6.85 ±1.07)mm.The sinus membrane was successfully elevated in all sites without perforation (mean elevation height,6.93 ±2.07)mm.All 15 implants were ossteointegrated.At 1-year revisit the gained bone height was (12.76 ±2.03)mm. Cyst grew bigger in 3 cases,not changed in 3 cases,became smaller in 5 cases and disappeared in 3 cases.Conclusion:Pseudocyst excision is not necessary in TMSFE.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of mycobacterium bovis in combination with antituberculosis drugs for initially treated smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)in senile patients.METHODS:A total of 121 initially treated smear positive TB cases were assigned to receive 2HReZE/4HRe alone(control group,n=61)or in combination with Mycobacterium bovis(22.5 ?g,once in two weeks for 6 months started at the end of the second week,treatment group,n=60).RESULTS:At the end of the first and second month since treatment,the sputum negative conversion rates showed significant differences between the treatment group and the control group(63.9% and 86.9% respectively in treatment group vs.30.0% and 58.3%,respectively in control group)(P0.05).CONCLUSION:As compared with antituberculosis drugs alone,the concomitant use of mycobacterium bovis and antituberculosis drugs shortened the time for the sputum negative conversion,focal absorption on X-ray chest film and clinical symptom improvement in initially treated smear positive senile TB patients,and mycobacterium bovis is a satisfactory immunotherapeutic agent for TB and it can be used in combination with antituberculosis drugs for smear positive senile TB patients.

Objective To explore the clinical implications of MSCT and reconstruction technique of Budd-chiari syndrome diagnosis. Methods Hepatic vein and intrahepatic inferior vena cava vascular morphology were shown by 55 cases of Budd-chiari syndrome with confirmed by ultrasound and clinic in nearly two years, which used the 64-row MSCT exami- nation in upper abdominal and enhanced scan, and reconstruction techniques that is included MPR and MIP etc. Results The compression and narrow signs of hepatic vein and intrahepatic inferior vena cava can be seen by reconstruction imag- ing with post -processing techniques, at the same time, these phenomena that are varying degrees of cirrhosis, splenomegaly, ascites, and esophageal varices can be displayed by Budd-chiari syndrome imaging in plain and enhanced CT images. Conclusion MSCT reconstruction techniques can be used to manifest clearly the appearance of hepatic vein and inferior vena cava, and have important diagnostic value and clinical significance.