OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological differences between normal uncinate process(UP) mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa, and explore the physiology function of the UP with the electron microscope. METHOD: The experiment chose 12 patients who have taken nasal endoscopic surgeries(8 cases for normal UP, 4 cases for normal inferior turbinate mucosa). During the surgery, take the mucosa upwards on the filter paper and immediately use scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy specimens for standard sample preparation methods. Observe the cilia shape, structure and the distribution and the swing direction. RESULT: (1)The internal side and the external side of UP mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa are all pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, the shapes of cilia are classic "9+2" structures. The distribution of cilia on internal and external lateral of UP and inferior turbinate mucosa are in high density. (2)The direction of cilia on normal inferior turbinate mucosa are generally swing to up and backwards; the cilia on internal lateral of the UP generally swing towards inner side, down and backwards; the cilia on external lateral of the UP generally swing towards down and backwards. CONCLUSION The cilia on internal side and the external side of UP mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa are in the same structure and shape, but the swing direction of cilia have their own characteristics. It can be concluded that the internal and external lateral of UP may have different functions in nasal sinuses mucus cilia clearance system.
Cilia ; ultrastructure ; Endoscopy ; Epithelium ; ultrastructure ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nasal Mucosa ; ultrastructure ; Nasal Surgical Procedures ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Turbinates ; ultrastructure

Iron is an essential nutrient that not only participates in cell oxidative phosphorylation, DNA synthesis and replication, but also regulates cancer associated genes through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).In the process of cancerization, cells change the way of iron metabolism resulting in a high consumption of iron.In this case, pathways of iron acquisition, efflux, storage and regulation are perturbed.Therefore, iron can significantly contribute to tumor growth, cell survival and metastasis.In this paper, we summarize the iron changes in cancer cells and the relationship between the changes and tumorigenesis.We also briefly state the potential problems of current clinical using iron chelating agents in oncotherapy.Targeting iron metabolic pathways may provide new tools for cancer prognosis and therapy.

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of surgical treatment for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage(HICH),and investigate the relative factors of improving the curative effect and prognosis.Methods Eighgty cases of hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage were retrospectively analyzed for finding the relationship among the surgical opportunity and post-surgical rehabilitation.Results There was significant difference between preoperation and posto peration in GCS scores(F=78.16、20.23,P＜0.01).The cases were followed up for 3 months and therapeutic effect was satisfying.Conclusion Early operation and decrease of intracerebral pressure was the key factor in the operation.The operation and timely recovering treatment are important for the living quality later.Based on the patients'condition,different surgical timing should be Chosen.

Objective To investigate the effect of Rb protein expression on the clinical response of the colorectal cancer patients perfused with 5-Fu before operation. Methods The expression of Rb protein in 34 cases of the colorectal cancer sample was determined by streptavidin-peroxidase(S-P) immunohistochemical method and the positive reactions were analysed by ICM-100 Cell DNA Picture Analysis System. The apoptotic rate of colorectal cancer cells was examined by the TUNEL staining. The chemosensistivity of the colorectal cancer cells were tested by the MTT colorimetric assay of agar culture. The clinical response of the colorectal cancer patients perfused with 5-Fu before operation was observed simultaneously. Results ⑴There was the negative correlation between the resistance index of the colorectal cancer cells to 5-Fu (IC50/10-1 peak concentration) and the apoptotic rate of the colorectal cancer cells induced by 5-Fu (?=-0.53,t=-4.91,P1.0 belongs to the group of resistance,

Objective To clone and express the extracellular portion of mouse Fcγreceptor Ⅱ-b ( FcγRⅡb) and to analyze the functions of the expressed proteins in a mouse model of systemic lupus ery-thematosus ( SLE) .Methods The gene fragment encoding FcγRⅡb was amplified by PCR, and then in-serted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+) to construct the recombinant expression plasmid pET-FcγRⅡb.The expression plasmid was identified with restriction enzymes and then sent to the Shanghai Bio-Engineering Co.LTD for further sequencing analysis.The transformed Escherichia coli ( E.coli) BL21 ( DE3) strains carrying the recombinant expression plasmid pET-FcγRⅡb were induced by isopropylβ-D-1-thiogalactoside ( IPTG) .The expressed fusion proteins were analyzed by Western blot assay and purified with purification kits.The immune complex ( IC)-binding ability of FcγRⅡb was measured by ELISA.MRL/lpr mice with SLE in both the prevention (12 weeks old, n=40) and the treatment groups (19 weeks old, n=40) were randomly divided into four groups including 60 μl (4.8 μg) treatment group, 120 μl (9.6 μg) treatment group, 180μl (14.4μg) treatment group and PBS treatment group with 10 mouse in each group. The MRL/lpr mice with SLE were injected with the fusion protein through tail vein once a week for four con-secutive weeks.Serum samples were collected from each mouse after one week of observation.The levels of FcγRⅡb in soluble form in mice form both the prevention and treatment groups as well as the levels of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies were detected by ELISA.Results The gene encoding FcγRⅡb was ampli-fied and the recombinant expression plasmid pET-FcγRⅡb was successfully constructed.The recombinant proteins were expressed in the prokaryotic expression system, and then successfully purified.The recombi-nant proteins could bind to IC.Compared with the corresponding PBS control group, the levels of FcγRⅡb in soluble form were increased in mice from both prevention and treatment groups after treating with various concentrations of the recombinant protein (P<0.05).Significant differences in the levels of FcγRⅡb were found among mice of the same age after treating with different concentrations of the recombinant protein ( P<0.05).Compared with the corresponding PBS control group, the levels of anti-double stranded DNA anti-bodies were decreased in mice from both prevention and treatment groups after treating with various concen-trations of the recombinant protein (P<0.05).The levels of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies were grad-ually decreased along with the increasing dosage of protein (P<0.05).Conclusion The extracellular por-tion of murine FcγRⅡb in soluble form was successfully expressed.The recombinant proteins played a cer-tain role in the prevention and treatment of SLE in a mouse model.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression and roles of IL-9 and its receptor (IL-9R) mRNA in the nasal mucosa of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) mice. METHODS Sixteen Balb/c mice were selected and randomly divided into two groups with 8 mice in each group. Mice were used for establishing the animal model of AR with ovalbumin sensitization as AR group, at the same time, the physiological saline as the control group. In each group, 4 mice were randomly taken from each group, and the pathological examination showed that the model was successful. The nasal mucosa was taken from the remaining 4 mice in each group and then to detect IL-9 and IL-9R mRNA in nasal mucosa of the two groups by using real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The expression of IL-9 and IL-9R mRNA could be detected in both the control and AR groups. The expression levels of IL-9 and IL-9R mRNA in the nasal mucosa of the AR group were both higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The expression level of IL-9 mRNA was positively correlated with the expression of IL-9R mRNA in the nasal mucosa of mice (r =0.857, P<0.05). CONCLUSION IL-9 and its receptor IL-9R are involved in the development of AR, and play an important role in the development of allergic rhinitis. It provides a new perspective for the further understanding of the pathogenesis of AR and provides a new clue for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Eotaxin-3 in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. METHOD: The ethmoid inflammation mucosa of 15 cases diagnosed as chronic rhinosinusitis (sinusitis group), the nasal polyps in the middle meatus of 25 cases diagnosed as nasal polyps (nasal polyp group) and the ethmoid or uncinate process mucosa of 7 cases diagnosed as sinonasal non-inflamnatory diseases (control group), were collected as the research object. Eotaxin-3 expression was detected in the tissues by immunohistochemical SABC assay and the correlation between Eotaxin-3 and blood eosinophil counts was analyzed. RESULT: Eotaxin-3 were detected both in sinusitis group and nasal polyp group, and the expression level in sinusitis group and nasal polyp group were higher than that in control group. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The Eotaxin-3 expression in nasal polyps group was higher than that in sinusitis group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression of Eotaxin-3 in nasal polyps group and sinusitis group were both significantly positively correlated with the eosinophil counts in the blood (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Eotaxin-3 may be involved,in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps, and further research will help us to understand the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.
Chemokine CCL26 ; Chemokines, CC ; metabolism ; Chronic Disease ; Eosinophils ; Ethmoid Sinus ; pathology ; Humans ; Mucous Membrane ; pathology ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rhinitis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Sinusitis ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and role of Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and ST2 in the nasal polyps of human Eosinophilic and non-Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRS and non-ECRS). METHOD: IL-33 and ST2 protein expression in nasal polyps of ECRS and non-ECRS as well as in seemingly normal mucosa of the inferior turbinate tissue was investigated by immunohistochemical staining and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-33 and ST2 was assessed by realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 27 subjects with ECRS, 33 subjects with non-ECRS, and 11 control subjects. RESULT: (1) The ST2 was found both in nasal polyps of ECRS and non-ECRS,especially in ECRS, yet hardly found in the normal mucosa of the inferior turbinate tissue; (2) The expression of ST2 mRNA in nasal polyps of ECRS was higher than that in non-ECRS and normal inferior turbinate tissue, and the difference was both prominent in statistics (P<0.01); (3) The expression patterns of IL-33 at both mRNA and protein levels were not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were both expressed in human nasal polyps including ECRS and non-ECRS, meanwhile the expression patterns of ST2 at both mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in nasal polyps of ECRS. The current study suggests that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, especially in ECRS through the increased expression of ST2 in Eosinophils as a hypothesis.
Chronic Disease ; Eosinophils ; immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein ; Interleukin-33 ; metabolism ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Nasal Polyps ; immunology ; RNA, Messenger ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; metabolism ; Rhinitis ; immunology ; Sinusitis ; immunology ; Turbinates ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that ligustrazine removed oxygen-derived free radicals and protected vascular endothelial cells. Howerver, the effect of ligustrazine on skin flap ischemia-reperfusion injury was less reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ligustrazine on skin flap ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to analyze reaction pathway. METHODS: A total of 24 healthy SD rats were used to establish ischemia-reperfusion injured skin flap along superficial epigastric artery. All rats were randomly divided into sham-surgery, model control, and ligustrazine groups, with 8 rats per group. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was not induced in the sham-surgery group; saline (4 mL/kg) was given in the model control gorup 30 minutes prior to operation; an intraperitoneal injection of ligustrazine (4 mL/kg) was given in the ligustrazine group immediately after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Distal tissue was selected from skin flap in the model control group immediate after formation of skin flap, 8 hours after ischemia, and 1 hour after reperfusion, as well as in the sham-surgery group immediate after formation of skin flap, 8 and 9 hours after operation to measure superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents. Histological morphology was observed under optic and electron microscopes.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 8 hours after ischemia and 1 hour after reperfusion, SOD activity in the model control group was significantly less than in the sham-surgery group (P< 0.05-0.01), but the SOD activity in the ligustrazine group was significantly greater than in the model control group (P < 0.05-0.01). At 1 hour after reperfusion, MDA content in the model control group was significantly greater than sham-surgery group (P< 0.01), but the MDA content in the ligustrazine group was significantly less than in the model control group (P< 0.01). As compared with model control group, ultramicrostructure and vascular endothelial cell were mildly damaged in the ligustrazine group, suggesting that ligustrazine inhibited activation and adhesion of neutrophilic granulocytes, relieved inflammatory reaction, protected endothelial cells, resisted lipid peroxidation of free radicals, and prevented skin flap ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To analyze the immunogenomic characteristics of antibody repertoire in re-sponse to influenza vaccine in order to provide a theoretical basis for further development of antibody. Meth-ods Based on a time-series immunoglobulin heavy chain ( IGH) repertoire sequencing dataset, we analyzed the immunogenomic characteristics of antibody repertoire in response to trivalent influenza vaccine ( TIV ) from three aspects which included the features in complementarity-determining region 3 ( CDR3 ) , antibody mutation and VDJ usage. Results The frequency of antibody mutation increased significantly upon vaccina-tion. Analysis of the CDR3 region indicated that polar and aromatic amino acids had a higher preference. The length of CDR3 region in naive B cells followed a normal distribution, while specific CDR3 sequences with 15 to 18 amino acids in length occupied a dominant position after vaccination. In addition, the VDJ us-age altered obviously and IGHV3-7-derived antibody had a significant response to the vaccine. Response in-tensity reached the peak on day 7 and gradually weakened over time. Conclusion Antibody repertoire evolves dynamically to express specific antibody upon vaccination and the characteristics of immune responses at sequence level could be used to evaluate their effectiveness.