Objectives: The celiac trunk (CT) is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and typically gives rise to the left gastric artery (LGA), common hepatic artery (CHA), and splenic artery (SA), which supply blood to the abdominal viscera. Variations in the branching pattern of the CT exist and knowledge of such is crucial when performing surgical, laparoscopic, and angiographic procedures. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomic variations of the CT in adult Filipino cadavers and to compare the proportions of these with those reported in the foreign literature. Methods: Adult Filipino cadavers from the University of the Philippines College of Medicine Anatomy Laboratory were dissected by first year medical students from 2014-2019. The CT and its branches were identified, drawn on a separate piece of paper, and confirmed to be correct and accurate by an anatomist. The data collected from that period was reviewed. Percentages were calculated for the branching patterns identified. A Z-test of Two Populations was used to compare the results of the current study to that of Pinal-Garcia (2018), Pillay (2020) and Venieratos (2013). Results: A total of 107 drawings based on 107 dissected preserved cadavers were reviewed. Ninety-two specimens (85.98%) showed typical branching into the LGA, CHA, and SA. The CT presented as a true tripod (tripus Halleri) in 75 specimens (70.09%) and as a bifurcation with one of the three arteries arising first along the trunk (false tripod) in 17 specimens (15.89%). Nine cadavers (8.41%) showed additional branches arising from the CT and four (3.74%) showed bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising from a different artery. Conclusion The most common configuration of the CT among Filipino adult cadavers is a true tripod, followed by a false tripod, additional branching, and bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising elsewhere. The present study most closely resembles the results of the study of Venieratos.
Cadaver

No abstract available.
Cadaver

PURPOSE: The purpose of this report is to evaluate the measured values of normal Korean calcaneus by conduct of a cadaveric study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 42 calcanei were obtained from Korean cadavers. A digital goniometer was used for measurement of Bohler's angle, Gissane angle, posterior facet articular inclination angle, and Fowler-Philip angle of calcaneus. A vernier caliper was used for measurement of the maximal antero-posterior length, maximal transverse width, and maximal height of calcaneus. RESULTS: The average Bohler's angle, Gissane angle, posterior facet articular inclination angle, and Fowler-Philip angle was 32.3degrees+/-5.0degrees, 114.4degrees+/-8.2degrees, 61.2degrees+/-4.4degrees, and 60.3degrees+/-7.6degrees. The average maximal antero-posterior length, maximal transverse width, and maximal height of calcaneus was 74.2+/-3.0 mm, 43.0+/-4.0 mm, and 42.5+/-3.0 mm. CONCLUSION: The measured values of normal Korean calcaneus were lower than the values reported in the international literature. Therefore, development of appropriate instruments reflecting the anatomical characteristics of Koreans will be needed.
Cadaver* ; Calcaneus*

Introduction: Dissecting cadavers to study Human Anatomy is an integral part of first year medical education. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of the first year medical students during their first day of cadaver dissection. Methods: This study analyzed interviews of three first year medical students, chosen via purposive sampling, who were present during the first day of cadaver dissection in gross anatomy. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed through a Husserlian descriptive phenomenological approach. Results : Five common themes were identified: 1) fear of the unknown, 2) group dynamics, 3) sense of awe and amazement of the cadaver's body, 4) respect for the body, and 5) taming of death as a rite of passage to being a doctor. Conclusion Of the five emergent themes, taming death as a rite of passage to being a doctor is the essence of the experiences of the first year medical students during the first day of cadaver dissection.
Cadaver ; Anatomy

No abstract available.
Cadaver* ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Kidney*

OBJECTIVE: When the pedicle screw insertion technique is failed or not applicable, C7 intralaminar screw insertion method has been used as an alternative or salvage fixation method recently. However, profound understanding of anatomy is required for safe application of the bilaterally crossing laminar screw at C7 in clinic. In this cadaveric study, we evaluated the anatomic feasibility of the bilateral crossing intralaminar screw insertion and especially focused on determination of proper screw entry point. METHODS: The C7 vertebrae from 18 adult specimens were studied. Morphometric measurements of the mid-laminar height, the minimum laminar thickness, the maximal screw length, and spino-laminar angle were performed and cross-sectioned vertically at the screw entry point (spino-laminar junction). The sectioned surface was equally divided into 3 parts and maximal thickness and surface area of the parts were measured. All measurements were obtained bilaterally. RESULTS: The mean mid-laminar height was 13.7 mm, mean minimal laminar thickness was 6.6 mm, mean maximal screw length was 24.6 mm, and mean spinolaminar angle was 50.8+/-4.7degrees. Based on the measured laminar thickness, the feasibility of 3.5 mm diameter intralaminar screw application was 83.3% (30 sides laminae out of total 36) when assuming a tolerance of 1 mm on each side. Cross-sectional measurement results showed that the mean maximal thickness of upper, middle, and lower thirds was 5.0 mm, 7.5 mm, and 7.3 mm, respectively, and mean surface area for each part was 21.2 mm2, 46.8 mm2, and 34.7 mm2, respectively. Fourteen (38.9%) sides of laminae would be feasible for 3.5 mm intralaminar screw insertion when upper thirds of C7 spino-laminar junction is the screw entry point. In case of middle and lower thirds of C7 spino-laminar junction, 32 (88.9%) and 28 (77.8%) sides of laminae were feasible for 3.5 mm screw insertion, respectively. CONCLUSION: The vertical cross-sectioned area of middle thirds at C7 spinolaminar junction was the largest area and 3.5 mm screw can be accommodated with 77.8% of feasibility when lower thirds were the screw entry point. Thus, selection of middle and lower thirds for each side of screw entry point in spino-laminar junction would be the safest way to place bilateral crossing laminar screw within the entire lamina. This anatomic study result will help surgeons to place the screw safely and accurately.
Adult ; Cadaver* ; Humans ; Spine

PURPOSE: This study aimed to find out whether there are relationships among anatomic characteristics of inferior oblique muscle insertion, corneal diameter, axial length and inferior oblique recession landmark. METHODS: Thirty-one Korean cadaver orbits were dissected to expose the full length of extraocular muscles and sclera, and then we measured the length from the recession landmark of inferior oblique to the lateral edge of insertion of inferior rectus and to the inferior edge of insertion of lateral rectus. RESULTS: The mean of angles between the inferior oblique muscle insertion and lateral rectus direction is 27.9+/-9.0degrees and the range is from 15 degrees to 50 degrees . There is a statistically significant correlation between cord length of 8 mm recession landmark of inferior oblique and angles of inferior oblique insertion with lateral rectus direction. We divided the shapes of inferior oblique insertion into straight and convexed curves. Twelve insertions are straight and thirteen insertions are curved. There is no statistically significant correlation between shape of inferior oblique insertion and cord length from recession landmark. In corneal diameter and axial length, we found correlations with cord length of 8 mm and 10 mm recession landmark of inferior oblique. CONCLUSIONS: We conclud that there are some correlations among anatomic characteristics, axial length and corneal diameter with recession landmark of inferior oblique.
Cadaver ; Muscles ; Orbit ; Sclera

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to biomechanically assess the pullout strength of the dynamic osteosynthesis construct(DOC) cervical plating system to consider the effects of screw triagulation in the cervical spine. METHODS: Twelve fresh cadaveric cervical spines(C4-C7) were randomly instumented with DOC cervical system with 20 degree(six specimens) or 30 degree platforms(six specimens). All specimens were tested on an MTS Alliance RT/10 testing machine. Load-displacement data was sampled at a rate of 50Hz. After the biomechanical testing, specimens were cut on sagittal plane and the penetrating depths of screw were measured. RESULTS: Mean insertion torque of 20 degree was 1.025 newton-meters and that of 30 degree was 1.031 newton-meters(p>0.05). Mean penetration depth of 20 degree was 11.82mm(C4), 12.20mm(C7) and that of 30 degree platforms were 12.22mm(C4), 13.04mm(C7). Mean pullout strength with 20 degree platforms was 642.2 N ; with 30 degree platforms was 537.7N(p>0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no statistical differences in pullout strength between 20 degree platform and 30 degree platform that were plated in cervical vertebral bodies, even though a literature shows that more increased screw angulation of 30 degree than that of 20 degree would decrease pullout resistance due to less amount of bone purchase against the pullout force in parallelogram shaped cervical vertebral body.
Cadaver ; Spine ; Torque

The anatomy and distribution of the superficial temporal vessels are known to follow regular patterns, with few exceptions in previous studies. But these previous studies of the anatomy and distribution of the superficial temporal vessels were based, only on the cadaver studies. Authors evaluated the anatomy of these vessels in the operative field of the living body from December 1997 to June 2001, The superficial temporal vessels were surgically exposed from the zygomatic arch extending to the superior temporal line through a preauricular incision in 18 patients(20 cases), who underwent reconstructive surgery using these vessels in the operative field. The authors measured and analyzed; the distribution, branching and diameters of the superficial temporal vessels. The results were obtained as follows; 1.In 19 cases, STV(superficial temporal vein) runs posterior to STA(superficial temporal artery) at the upper border of the zygomatic arch. 2.There was no frontal or parietal branches in 2 cases and vena comitante existed along with STA in one case. 3.The external diameter of STA and STV was measured at the lower border of the zygomatic arch. The external diameter of STA ranged from 1.5mm to 3.0 mm(average 2.1mm) and those of STV ranged from 1.3mm to 3.5mm (average 2.0mm). This study can be helpful in the reconstructive surgery using the superficial temporal vessels, for the results of our study are based on the true anatomy of the living body.
Cadaver ; Rabeprazole ; Zygoma

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the implant recipient site preparation methods on primary stability of implants with the instruments of Osstell(TM) and Periotest(R) in the iliac bone of cadaver. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The 8 iliac bones in 4 cadavers and implants treated with resorbable blasting media (RBM) were used. Periotest(R) (Simens AG, Germany) and Osstell(TM)(Model 6 Resonance Frequency Analyser: Integration Diagnostics Ltd., Sweden) were used to measure primary stability of implants. Implants were inserted into the iliac crest of the cadaver. In control group, the recipient site was prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendation: 1.8 mm guide drill, 2.0 mm initial drill, 2.7 mm pilot drill, 2.7 mm twist drill, 3.0 mm twist drill, 3.3 mm pilot drill, 3.3 mm twist drill, and 3.3 mm countersink drill as well as tapping drill were used in order. In the group 1, implant recipient sites were prepared by sequentially drilling from 1.8 mm guide drill to 3.0 mm twist drill and then inserted implants without countersinking and tapping. In the group 2, implant recipient sites were prepared to 3.0 mm twist drill and countersink drill and then inserted implants without tapping. In the group 3, the sites were prepared to 3.0 mm twist drill and countersink drill as well as tapping drill. In the group 4, the sites were prepared to 3.3 mm twist drill. In the group 5, the sites were prepared to 3.3 mm twist drill and countersink drill. A total of 60 implants were placed (n=10). The stability was measured using Osstell(TM) and Periotest(R) mesiodistally and buccolingually. To compare the mean stability of each group statistically, One-way ANOVA was used and correlation of instrument were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The stability of group 1 measured using Osstell(TM) and Periotest(R) buccolingually showed the highest, and there are significant difference statistically between control group and experimental group 1,2,4 in each instruments respectively (P<0.05). 2. The stability of group 1 measured using Osstell(TM) and Periotest(R) mesiodistally showed the highest. There are significant difference statistically between control group and all experimental groups in Osstell(TM), and between control group and experimental group 1,2,3,4 (P<0.05). 3. There are high correlation between the measurements of Osstell(TM) and Periotest(R) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the primary stability of implant can be obtained by the recipient sites preparation with smaller diameter drill than that of implant or minimal drilling.
Cadaver ; Ilium ; Mandrillus