Aims: Every year, an estimated 25 million tons of waste oil are produced worldwide, and the generation of waste oil is one of the biggest global environmental problems. The incorporation of oil as a substrate for lipase production has been studied and shown to have a positive impact on its production. Burkholderia sp. is one of the major lipase-producing bacteria with their ability in bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. This study aims to compare the production of lipase by Burkholderia cenocepacia ST8 using waste cooking oil and unused cooking oil as feedstock. Methodology and results: The effect of different types of waste cooking oil (sunflower oil and palm oil) and concentration (1-3%) of waste cooking oil, agitation speed (100-400 rpm) and initial dissolved oxygen concentration (10-50%) on lipase production by B. cenocepacia ST8 under batch fermentation mode were investigated. The major fatty acids of which had been consumed were determined using gas chromatography. Results showed that 2% (v/v) of single used sunflower cooking oil produced the highest lipase activity of 138.86 U/mL with a productivity of 2.10 U/mL/h; agitation speed of 300 rpm produced the highest lipase activity of 183.56 U/mL with a productivity of 3.06 U/mL/h while 30% initial concentration of dissolved oxygen produced a lipase activity of 176.45 U/mL with a productivity of 2.94 U/mL/h. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were found to be the most consumed by B. cenocepacia ST8 among other fatty acids. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study shows that 2% (v/v) single used sunflower cooking oil was the better type and optimum concentration of carbon source for the production of lipase by the fermentation of B. cenocepacia under 300 rpm and 30% initial concentration dissolved oxygen. The incorporation of 2% (v/v) single used sunflower cooking oil may be a great alternative to reduce the cost for the production of lipase as well as reducing the amount of waste oil generation.
Lipase ; Burkholderia cenocepacia ; Waste Management ; Biodegradation, Environmental

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the synergy of the Burkholderia signaling molecule cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF) and fluconazole (FLU) or itraconazole (ITRA) against two azole-resistant C. albicans clinical isolates in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics against two azole-resistant C. albicans were measured by the checkerboard technique, E-test, and time-kill assay. In vivo antifungal synergy testing was performed on mice. Analysis of the relative gene expression levels of the strains was conducted by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: BDSF showed highly synergistic effects in combination with FLU or ITRA with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of ⪕ 0.08. BDSF was not cytotoxic to normal human foreskin fibroblast cells at concentrations of up to 300 μg/mL. The qRT-PCR results showed that the combination of BDSF and FLU/ITRA significantly inhibits the expression of the efflux pump genes CDR1 and MDR1 via suppression of the transcription factors TAC1 and MRR1, respectively, when compared with FLU or ITRA alone. No dramatic difference in the mRNA expression levels of ERG1, ERG11, and UPC2 was found, which indicates that the drug combinations do not significantly interfere with UPC2-mediated ergosterol levels. In vivo experiments revealed that combination therapy can be an effective therapeutic approach to treat candidiasis. CONCLUSION The synergistic effects of BDSF and azoles may be useful as an alternative approach to control azole-resistant Candida infections.
Antifungal Agents ; pharmacology ; Burkholderia cenocepacia ; chemistry ; Candida albicans ; drug effects ; physiology ; Candidiasis ; drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ; adverse effects ; Fluconazole ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Triazoles ; metabolism