No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify how the participants understand the meaning of the hand-moxibustion that is mainly used for an alternative therapy, so that the participants utilize the data for the basic nursing intervention through the understand and use of the hand-moxibustion. METHOD: This research was carried from January to May of 2003 and its participants were the elder five men and one woman who have been living in Seoul and had jobs. the researcher assorted the topics of the study by Ben Menun' methodology. RESULT: The results showed that there was a significant effects of the hand moxibustion and treatment with protect. CONCLUSION: The moxibustion therapy is a nursing intervention that can provide a better quality of life for the prevention of disease, health promotion may be develope in the future.
Female ; Hand ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Moxibustion* ; Nursing ; Quality of Life ; Seoul

A total of 30 kunds of fush samples, 5 kunds of shellfush samples and 4 kunds of crustacean samples from the Nansha sea area of chuna were dugested by mucrowave dugestuon system wuth HNO3-H2 O2 as the dugestuon reagent. Then the contents ( ICP-MS determunatuon) and ecologucal chemucal characterustucs of rare earth elements ( REE) were studued. The results showed that the method of mucrowave dugestuon-ICP-MS for the determunatuon of rare earth elements was perfect, and the lunear relatuonshup for each element was good wuth r≥0 . 9997 . The detectuon lumut of the method could reach 1 . 0 ng/L wuth the relatuve standard devuatuon (RSD, n=3) of less than 5. 0%. The recoverues of rare earth elements were between 91. 50% and 106. 67%. The total amount of rare earth un fush samples, shellfush samples and crustacean samples were 5. 02-34. 8 μg/kg, 30. 4-1481 μg/kg and 103-863 μg/kg, respectuvely. The average enruchment contents of the rare earth un the 3 specues was crustacean > shellfush > fush. The contents of 14 rare earth elements un fush/shellfush/crustaceans showed sugnufucantly posutuve correlatuon ( r>0 . 80 ) . The contents of lught rare earth elements ( La-Eu) were hugher than that of heavy rare earth elements ( Gd-Lu) . The lught and heavy rare earth elements had obvuous fractuonatuon, and the REE dustrubutuon pattern was consustent un fush/shellfush/crustacean wuth Gd negatuve anomaly. The δEu values had negatuve anomalues, sumular to the δEu values un correspondung area sedument, and δCe values showed posutuve anomalues, whuch showed that Ce had dufferent process of oxudatuon and reductuon un the organusm and sedument deposutuon. At the same tume, the enruchment relatuonshup of rare earth elements un sedument and organusm was also studued. In thus study, the content and dustrubutuon of rare earth elements un the tropucal marune fush/shellfush/shellfush were analyzed, whuch could provude basuc data for the study of the level and mugratuon and accumulatuon of rare earth elements un the envuronment of the South Chuna Sea.

PURPOSE: This study was to compare and examine the factors influencing burden of primary family caregivers according to the severity of illness of elderly patients admitted in an intensive care unit. METHODS: Subjects were the families of elderly patients in intensive care units of K, S and Y hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from March to October 2007. Subjects were 108 persons over age 65. Data were analyzed by SAS statistics. RESULTS: First, groups 5 and 3 showed higher burden than that of group 4. Second, high correlation was found between stress and burden, stress and anxiety, and burden and anxiety. Third, factors influencing family burden were found to be stress for group 5, stress, anxiety, and monthly income for group 4, and stress and patient age for group 3. CONCLUSION: Specific nursing interventions to decrease the stress of primary family caregivers of serious ill elderly patients in an intensive care unit are needed. Additionally, more effective and systematic activation of a long-term medical insurance system for seriously ill seniors is considered necessary to mediate the burden of primary family caregivers.
Aged ; Anxiety ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Insurance ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units ; Phenothiazines

BACKGROUND: Recently in Korea, the rate of addictive drug abuse is rapidly increasing in men on salary, housewives, and even in adolescents, who have been considered to be free from drugs, which presents a serious problem to the society. Especially, the habituation to gateway drug, such as cigarettes and alcohol, before 15 years old, would lead to the increased possibility of other drug abuse, including illicit drugs. Thereupon in this study, we intended toreview the effect of adolescents smoking an the drug abuse and deviated behaviors. METHODS: On September, 1997, randomly selected were 12 classes, an the basis of 2 classes per grade, from the two schools which was located each in Seoul and Buchean. And survey was dane on 610 students with non non-nominl, self-reported questionnaire. RESULTS: The rate of adolescent smoking was 28.1% in male students and had increasing tendency of "the higher the grades, the higher the smoking rate"(17.0% in the 1st gade, 31.5% in the 2nd grade, 35.9% in the 3rd grade). The smoking rate of female students was 12.3%. From the 2nd grade of middle school to the 2nd grade of high school was the critical period when the smoking habit was initiated in almost 90% of the students. The experiencing rates of drug abuse in studied subjects were as follows : drinking(79.0%), stimulants(4.8%), sedatives(4.1%), hypnotics(3.1%), glue sniffing(1.5%), butane gas(0.7%), marijuana/hemp(0.2%). They were higher in the smoking group than in the nansMoking group, showing statistical significances in most items except hypnotics and marijuana/hemp. Also simihr results were shown in deviated behaviors between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: With the concerted efforts of family, school, society and natian, we as family physicians should make efforts to delay and prevent adolescent's smoking, which is a gateway to drug abuse and deviated behaviors, and to increase people's recognition of health risks caused by smoking, and to provide proper program for adolescents to stop smoking.
Adhesives ; Adolescent ; Critical Period (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Korea ; Male ; Physicians, Family ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Street Drugs ; Substance-Related Disorders* ; Tobacco Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires

We describe the case of a 73 year-old female patient, YSG, who initially presented with a manic episode without any previous psychiatric history and was later diagnosed as having a meningioma in the left frontal lobe. YSG's symptoms were characterized by hyperactivity, insomnia, aggressive behavior with an auditory hallucination. She showed no abnormal signs on a complete neurologic examination. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI study showed a huge, extra-axial mass with homogenous enhancement in the left high convexity of the frontal lobe. Her manic symptoms subsided after administration of risperidone 1mg and valproic acid 500mg daily, for three weeks without surgical resection of the tumor. These findings suggest that YSG's mania might have resulted from the left-sided frontal tumor, and that her symptoms were treated rapidly by small doses of risperidone combined with valproic acid. Medical staff who care for manic patients should be aware of this possibility of a organic lesion without evidence of neurologic disease.
Aged ; Bipolar Disorder ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Medical Staff ; Meningioma* ; Neurologic Examination ; Risperidone* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Valproic Acid*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of gadoxetic acid on the measurement of the stiffness value of MR elastography (MRE) used to evaluate hepatic fibrosis (HF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRE was obtained in 32 patients with clinically suspected chronic liver disease, both before and after injection of gadoxetic acid. Two independent reviewers measured the stiffness values of the liver parenchyma on elastograms. The mean liver stiffness values were compared in the pre- and post-contrast MREs using the paired t-test. Intra-rater and inter-rater correlation was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of both pre- and post-contrast MREs was evaluated for the diagnosis of significant HF (> or = F2) using cut off value of 3.1 kPa. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the stiffness values of the liver parenchyma on pre- and post-contrast MREs (p = 0.15 and 0.38 for each reader, respectively). Regarding intra-rater correlation, excellent agreement was noted on rater 1(ICC = 0.998) and rater 2 (ICC = 0.996). Excellent correlation regarding the measured stiffness values was noted on both pre- and post-contrast MREs (ICC = 0.988 for pre-contrast, ICC = 0.993 for post-contrast). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the pre- and post-contrast MREs for differentiating significant HF (> or = F2) from < or = F1 were same as 71%, 60%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: As there was no significant difference in the stiffness measurements seen on MREs before and after administration of gadoxetic acids, it is therefore acceptable to perform MRE after contrast injection in order to evaluate HF.
Elasticity Imaging Techniques ; Fibrosis ; Gadolinium DTPA ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Diseases ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Magnetics ; Magnets ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the different analgesic potency and the action mechanism of the intrathecal isomers of ketamine. For these purpose, we evaluated the effect of intrathecal ketamine isomers on the behavioral response and the spinal c-fos expression in the formalin tested rats. METHOD: The subjects were divided into 2 groups(NF group, Fgroup). The NF group was designed for the purpose of the drug itself's effect on the induction of c-fos. Saline(NF/saline group), S(+) ketamine(NF/SK group), R(-) ketamine(NF/RK group) and ketamine(NF/K group) were administered intrathecally to be examined by immunocytochemical method. Same drugs were administered in the F group(F/saline, F/SK, F/RK, F/K) and formalin was injected into right hind paw of the rats after 30 minutes of intrathecal drug administration. The number of flinching was counted at intervals of 5 minutes for 60 minutes. In NF and F group, Fos immunoreactive neurons was counted after 2 hours of formalin injection and intrathecal drug injection respectively. RESULTS: In F/saline group, flinching was developed immediately after formalin injection and revealed biphasic response. The number of flinching in F/SK group, F/RK group, F/K group was significantly smaller than that of F/saline group. The number of flinching of F/SK group by comparison of F/SK vs F/RK was significantly smaller, and that of F/K group by comparison of F/RK vs F/K was significantly smaller. There was no significant difference among NF group on the total number of Fos immunoreactive neurons. In F group, Fos immunoreactive neurons increased significantly in comparison with NF group. The total number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in F/SK group, F/RK group and F/K group were significantly smaller than that of F/saline group. Of F group, the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons of F/SK was the smallest and F/K, F/RK followed increasing order. Attenuation of Fos induction by the ketamine isomers was observed in the whole spinal cord of F/SK group and F/K group but in the superficial and deep laminae of F/RK group. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that intrathecal ketamine isomers have an inhibitory effect on pathologic pain and c-fos expression in the rats and different analgesic effect which is lamina specific.
Animals ; Formaldehyde ; Ketamine* ; Neurons ; Pain Measurement ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord

NSAIDs are now the most widely prescribed of all drugs for the therapy of a large variety of disorders including rheumatologic disorders, and so the population of patients who are at risk for adverse effects of these drugs is rapidly expanding. A number of renal and electrolyte problems have been associated with the use of NSAIDs, including alterations in glome-rular filtration rate, hyperkalemia, acute interstitial nephritis and papillary necrosis. While the use of NSAIDs has also been associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, this complication has almost invariably occured in association with an acute interstitial nephritis. Recently, we experienced a case of minimal change nephrotic syndrome without significant interstitial inflammation associated with the use of NSAIDs. This patient is a 64-year-old female who developed the generalized edema and about 10kg of weight gain since three days ago. She had taken the anti-inflammatory drugs for five years intermittently and started taking diclofenac sodium, 25mg orally three times a day, 10 days before admission for increasing pain in her knees. Laboratory findings disclosed the following values WBC 5,200/mm3 with only 0.6% eosinophils, total serum protein 4.0g/dL, albumin 1.2 g/dL, BUN 17mg/dL, creatinine 0.8mg/dL, sodium 140 mmol/L, potassium 4.0mmol/L, chloride 113mmol/L, total cholesterol 338mg/dL, triglyceride 203mg/dL; 24-hour protein excretion 3.6g, creatinine clearance 52.8 mL/min ; serologic tests were unremarkable. A renal biopsy revealed no abnormality except for focal mild interstitial infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells with a few atrophic tubules on light microscopy. Immunofluorescence studies showed diffuse trace mesangial deposits of IgM, and electromicroscopy revealed diffuse obliteration of the epithelial foot process and villous transformation of the epitherial cell cytoplasms without electrondense deposits. These findings were consistent with minimal-change disease. Diclofenac was discontinued on admission because of the likelihood the renal disease was drugrelated and she treated with low-dose(40-80mg/d) of furosemide. Fourteen days after stopping diclofenac, her massive edema and weight gain resolved and laboratory studies showed a 24-hour urine protein excretion of 80mg and serum albumin of 2.7g/dL. There has been no relapse for five months since then.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Biopsy ; Cholesterol ; Creatinine ; Cytoplasm ; Diclofenac* ; Edema ; Eosinophils ; Female ; Filtration ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Foot ; Furosemide ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia ; Immunoglobulin M ; Inflammation ; Knee ; Microscopy ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; Potassium ; Recurrence ; Serologic Tests ; Serum Albumin ; Sodium ; Triglycerides ; Weight Gain