Objective To explore the correlation between the serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ,interleukin (IL)-18,IL-10 and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum levels of IFN-γ,IL-18 and IL-10.There were 40 patients with RSA (RSA group) and 40 normal early pregnant women (control group) enrolled in this study.After 2 months,those serum cytokines in two groups of non-pregnant state were detected again.Results Compared to control group,the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-18 of RSA group were significantly higher (P ＜0.01),the serum level of IL-10 was significantly lower (P ＜ 0.01).Two months after termination of pregnancy,there was no significant difference in the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 between the two groups.The serum level of IL-18 maintained a high level in the RSA group after termination of pregnancy.Conclusions In patients with RSA,the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-18 were elevated,the serum level of IL-10 was decreased.The serum levels of IFN-γ,IL-18 and IL-10 were closely related with RSA.

Objective To explore the role of humall papillomavims (HPV) type 16 E6 variants in the persistent infection and recurrence of the cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) after conization. Motheds During May to June 2012, 100 HSIL patients with HPV16 positive but negative at the margin after Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) were selected from Shanghai People′s Hospital of Pudong District. The gene sequencing was done to the E6. The patients were followed up for 2 years. The E6 gene sequencing was done again to detect the HPV16 variants among those with persistent infections and recurrence. Results Among the 100 cases, E6 variants were detected, 81% of them HPV E6 variants Asian prototype, 14% European variant; 2% European prototype (EP) and 3% African variant 1. LEEP for Asian prototype was susceptible to the clearance of HPV16 (P < 0.001). The European variants of T350G, and A442C were correlated with persistent infection and recurrence (P < 0.001). Conclusion The HPV16 variant is closely related to the HSIL incidence. HSIL caused by HPV16 in Pudong New Area of Shanghai belong to the Asian type variant. The European variants of E6 , T350G/A442C were likely related to the recurrence of HPV16.

Objective To compare the safety and effectiveness of three types of intrauterine device (IUD) inserted immediately after artificial abortion.Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 4 family planning service stations in Pudong New Area from January to December 2012.Total 1 200 eligible women were randomly assigned to receive three types of IUD:MYCu,TCu380A or G-Cu200 (n =400 in each group) immediately after vacuum aspiration.All subjects were followed up for 12 months.The cumulative rates of termination of three IUD after 12 months were analyzed with WHO LTA 2.0 life table.Results Total 1 199 subjects were followed up for 12 months with a drop-out rate of 0.08％ (1/1 200).No any uterine perforation was found.During the 12 months the pregnancy rates with IUD in situ in MYCu,TCu380A and G-Cu200 groups were 0.26/100 women year,0 and 0.52/100 women year,respectively (x2 =1.951,P ≥ 0.2).The rates of expulsion in three groups were 0.26/100 women year,1.84/100 women year and 2.05/100 women year,respectively(x2 =5.539,P =0.066).The remove rates related to bleeding and paining in three groups were 1.26/100 women year,7.29/100 women year and 2.76/100 women year,respectively (x2 =21.625,P =0.001).The discontinuation rates related to IUD use in there groups were 3.25/100 women year,9.00/100 women year and 5.50/100 women year,respectively(x2 =12.191,P =0.004).The rates of Abnormal position in three groups were 1.51/100 women year,0 and 0.26/100 women year,respectively (x2 =8.649,P =0.014).Conclusion Three IUDs inserted immediately after vacuum aspiration are all effective.Among three IUDs,MYCu shows lower expulsion rate,lower discontinuation rate related to IUD use and higher continuous rate; but the abnormal position rate of MYCu is higher than other two types IUD.

Objective To survey age of menarehe in Pudong district in Shanghai. Methods Data in this study were derived from 56 924 women at age of 20 -81 years in screening for cervical cancer between January 2007 and July 2008 in Pudong district. The age of menarche were recorded in a questionnaire. To investigate the trends in age at menarehe in different socioeconomic status, the subjects were divided into 12 groups in 5-year birth cohorts. The mean menarche age in each group was analyzed by analysis of variance(ANOVA). The percentage of menarche age at 10- 12 years and more than 18 years was analyzed by χ2 method. Results (1 ) The minimum age of menarcbe recorded is 10 years old, and the maximum is 28 years old, with average age of menarche at 15.7 years. In all groups, the smallest average age of menarcbe is 14. 6 years in 26 - 30 years old age group, while the biggest average age of menarche age is 16. 5 years in ＞ 75 years old group; The difference showed statistical significance (P ＜ 0. 01 ). (2) The percentages for participants with early menarehe age (10 - 12 years old) or late menarehe age (＞ 18-year-old menarche) were 1.82% (1034/56 924 ) and 5.20 % (2959/56 924 ) respectively. However, the maximum percentage for early menarche was recorded in 31 -35 years old group (4. 45% ,197/4431 ), only 0. 84% (10/1191 ) of participants in ＞75 years old group was classified as early menarebe. Meanwhile, the lowest percentage for late menarehe was 0. 38% (17/4431 ) in 31 - 35 years old group, and the highest percentage was 14. 70% (91/619) in ＞ 75 years old group. The changes in the percentages for early menarche or late menarche are significantly associated with age differences (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion The study suggested that the average of onset age of menarche in Pudong district has declined over the past decades in an age-based way, accompanied with the increase of the percentage for early menarche and the decrease of percentage for late menarehe.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of ultrasonography detecting the poster urethrovesical angle(PUVA) in diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods From Jan.2006 to Dec.2008,the PUVA in resting phase (PUVA-r) and stress phase( PUVA-s) between with SUI and 100 healthy women were measured by color Doppler ultrasound,including 57 cases in SUI degree Ⅰ,22 cases in SUI degree Ⅱ,5 cases in SUI degree Ⅲ.Results (1) The PUVA-r and PUVA-s were (130±29) and (158±36)in SUI patients,which were significantly higher (113±19)and (115±23)in control group (P<0.01).(2) Correlation analysis showed that PUVA-s was positively correlated with the severity of SUI ( P < 0.01).(3) The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) of PUVA-s was 0.82 (95% CI:0.76-0.89) between SUI patients and healthy women.When PUVA-s ≥ 140 ° was chosed as the cut-off value,the specificity,accuracy rate and positive predictive value in diagnosis of SUI were 84%,79%,81%,which were significantly higher than those when cut-off value of PUVA-s ≥ 120(54%,68%,62%; P < 0.05 ).Conclusion The PUVA-s in SUI patients are significantly increased and is positively correlated with the severity of SUI,which are indicated that PUVA-s ≥ 140should be used as cut-off value in diagnosis of SUI by ultrasonography.

Objective To investigate natural spontaneous menopausal age , menstruation span and their relationship with menarche age and parity in Pudong district of Shanghai. Methods From Jan 2007 to Jul 2008, 15 083 spontaneous menopause women undergoing cervical cancer screening were enrolled in this study. The questionnaire included menarche age, parity, spontaneous menopausal age and menstruation span. Those women were divided into four groups based on age, which were group of 56 -60, 61 -65, 66 -70 and more than 70. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing difference between menopausal age and menstruation span. Multiple factor regressions was used to analyze the relationship between menarche age, parity and menopausal age and menstruation span. Results (1) Spontaneous menopausal age: the minimum was 29 years old, the maximum was 61 years old, and the mean age was (50.6 ±3.7)years old. The mean spontaneous menopause age were (50.9 ± 3.4), ( 50.7 ± 3.7 ), (50.0 ± 4.1 ), (49.6 ±4.0) years in groups of 56 -60, 61 -65, 66 -70 and more than 70 years. With the increasing age range in four groups, the increasing trends of menopausal age were observed, which the difference of 1.36 year was shown between groups of 56 - 60 and more than 70 years. (2) Menstruation span: the mean of menstruation span was (34.3 ± 4.1 ) years, which the minimal age of 12 years and maximal age of 48 years were recorded. (34.6 ± 3.8), (34.3 ± 4.1 ), (33.9 ± 4.6), (33.2 ± 4. 5) were observed in groups of 56 - 60,61 -65, 66 -70 and more than 70 years. With the increasing age range in four groups, the increasing trends of menstruation span were observed, which the difference of 1.41 year was shown between groups of 56 –60 and more than 70 years. (3)The impact of menarche age on menopausal age and menstruation span: there was no correlation between menarche age and menopausal age ( r = 0.02); however, menstruation span was found to be negatively correlated with the menarche age ( r = - 0.43 ). (4) The impact of parity on menopausal age and menstruation span: the mean menopausal age of women who had 1 -2 deliveries was significantly higher than those had no delivery or more than 3 deliveries ( P < 0.05 ). However, there was no difference in menopausal age between women with 1 and 2 deliveries or between women without delivery and more than 3 deliveries (P > 0.05). Menstruation span of women with 1 delivery was significantly longer that those with more than 1 delivery( P < 0.05 ), similarly, women with 2 deliveries had longer menstruation span than women without delivery or more than 3 deliveries(P < 0.05 ). There were no difference in menstruation span between women with more than 3 deliveries and without delivery ( P >0.05 ). (5) Multifactor regression analysis for menstruation span: menarche age was correlated with menstruation span negatively ( r = - 0.97,P <0.001 ). There was significantly different menstruation span between group of 61 -65, 66 -70 or more than 70 years and group of 56-60 (r= -0. 18, P=0.020; r= -0.78,P <0.001 and r= - 1.23,P<0.001). Menstruation span in women with 1 -2 deliveries was significantly longer than that of women without delivery or more than 3 deliveries. (6)Multifactor logistic analysis of menopausal age: there was no association between menarche age and menopausal age, however, significant differences were found in mean menopausal age between different groups, which show that menopausal age of group 56 - 60 years was significant higher than the other groups, including age-group 61 -65 years ,66 -70 years and over 70 years ( r = - 0.18, P = 0.020; r = - 0.78,P < 0.001; r = - 1.23, P < 0.001 ). Menopausal age in women with 1 - 2 deliveries was significantly higher than those of women without delivery or with more than 3 deliveries,however, no difference between women with 1 and 2 deliveries or between women without deliveries and more than 3 deliveries was observed. Conclusion (1) Menopausal age and menstruation span exhibited increasing trends in Pudong district of Shanghai. (2) Menarche age and parity were the important factors influencing menopausal age and menstruation span. (3) With younger age of menarche, the menstruation span become longer. (4) Deliveries of 1 -2 times can significantly delay the menopause and prolong menstruation span, however, the multiple deliveries ( ≥ 3 times) had no significant impact on menopausal age and menstruation span.

Objective To investigate the roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9, -2 (MMP-9, 2), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1,2 (TIMP-1, 2) in pathogenesis of the accretio placenta. Methods The women with the placenta accrete were recruited and the placenta (23) and deciduas tissues (9) after labor were obtained, and the placenta (28) and deciduas (11) from women without the placenta accreta were obtained as control to get, too. The expressions of MMP-9, -2, TIMP-1, 2 in the placental and decidual tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results mRNA expression of MMP-9 in the placenta accreta was (3.21?0.76) copies/?g total RNA, significantly higher (P