Objective To apply the microbial transformation to transforming the total saponins in the fruit of Panax ginseng (SFPG) and preparing ginsenoside compound K (C-K). Methods The four microbial strains m14, m3, m8, and m9 were screened and isolated from the soil in the botanic garden planted for P. ginseng and they were used for the microbial transformation of SFPG to optimize the strains. Taking C-K contents as index the microbial transformation was detected and analyzed by TLC and HPLC. Results The strain m14 was found to transform the SFPG efficiently to C-K at first. The optimal culturing and transformation conditions of m14 were obtained: time, 6 d; temperature, 30 ℃; revolution of cradle, 160 r/min; initial pH value, 5.5; substratum concentration, 120 mg/mL. Under the optimal condition, the content of C-K was 41.65 times as much as before transformation by m14. Conclusion The m14 is the most effective strain among the four fungal strains. It is the new way available for the C-K industrialized production.

Objective To prepare an active anti-tumor component, compound K (C-K), from saponins in leaves of Panax notoginseng (SLPN) using immobilized β-glucanase. Methods Two entrapments, alginate gel-1 (Alg 1) and alginate gel-2 (Alg 2), were evaluated for their ability to immobilize β-glucanase. The amount and purity of C-K obtained from the transformation process were analyzed by HPLC, and the immobilizing parameters were optimized. Results β-Glucanase can be immobilized and reused with either of the entrapment. However, using AIg 1 resulted in higher enzyme activity than Alg 2. The optimal concentration of the immobilized enzyme was 10%; The optimal crosslinking time was 4-6 h; and the optimal concentration of the crosslinking agent was 6%-7%. Conclusion Immobilized β-glucanase shows sustained enzyme activity, good ethanol tolerance, and was reusable for the preparation of C-K from SLPN.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of simvastatin on cobalt choride ( CoCl2 ) -induced hypoxia and reoxygenation injury on alveolar type Ⅱ cells and the underlying mechanisms.Methods CoCl2 was used to establish the hypoxia and reoxygenation injury model on AT Ⅱ cells.Blank,control and variant doses simvastatin-treated groups ( 5,10,20,30,50,100 μ mol/L) were designed in the present study.The proliferation of AT Ⅱ cells was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 ( CCK-8 ) assay.The percentage of apoptotic cells was assessed by flow cytometry AV/PI double-staining.The protein levels of surfactant protein-C (SP-C) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in AT Ⅱ cells was determined by Western blot.Results As compared with the control group,pretreatment with low dose (5 - 20 μmol/L),but not high dose simvastatin (50 - 100 μmol/L) markedly reduced A549 cells apoptosis,and increased their proliferation and the protein levels of SPC and PCNAin vitro.The protective effect could be reversed in vitro by L-mevalonate,a simvastatin competitive inhibitor,which indicated that the inhibition of mevalorate pathway was involved in the simvastatin induced AT Ⅱ cells function restoration.Condusion Low doses simvastatin reversed CoCl2-induced hypoxia and reoxygenation injury of AT Ⅱ cells.The inhibition of mevalonate pathway contributed to simvastatin induced AT Ⅱ cells function restoration.

Objective To report a multi-center series of 600 consecutive cases of completely video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy with 3-year follow-up results. Methods Data from 600 consecutive patients who underwent attempts for thoracoscopic lobectomy between September 2006 and August 2010 in Peking University People's Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Beijing Haidian Hospital were collected. Of these, 315 males (52.5%) and 285 females (47.5%), the average age was ( 59.1 ± 12.6 ) years( 15 - 86 years). Perioperative variables were assessed using standard descriptive statistics and 3-year survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analyses. Results One hundred and nineteen cases were diagnosed as benign disease and 481 cases were malignancy. 68.9% (82/119) of the benign cases were chronic infectious disease and the majority of the malignancy was non-small cell lung cancer, especially adenocarcinomas which comprised 65.9% (317/481) of all malignancies.Fifty-four cases required conversion to thoracotomy with a conversion rate of 9%. Of the VATS accomplished group, the median operation time was 180 min(30 -40 min), median blood loss 200 ml( 10 - 1500 ml) . Benign surgery took significantly less time, had shorter drainage time and hospitalization time, and lower morbidity than that for malignancies ( P = 0.001, P ＜0.01, P = 0.004, P = 0.020, respectively). Non-small cell lung cancer patients had a 3 -year survival of 85.4%, and pathologic stage Ⅰ patients 91.2%. Conclusion This largest case series and the first report 3-year survival in China confirms that completely thoracoscopic lobectomy surgery we performed have reached short- and middle-term standards compared with that of the western country.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of transient blocking of both pulmonary artery and veins for surgical treat- ment of central lung cancer with stage Ⅲ to preserve the normal pulmonary.Methods Firstly,the relation of the pulmonary artery, the lung neoplasm and the enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes was investigated.If the hilum of lung remained frozen,the pericardium was opened and the pulmonary artery,the upper and lower lobe pulmonary veins were dissected.Then those three vessels were blocked.When the pulmonary cireulation was stopped,bloodless lobectomy and pulmonary artery angioplasty and/or anastomosis were performed.Then the blockers were released,and pulmonary circulation was restored.The time of blocking was(35?15)minutes (16～66 minutes).Results All 20 patients suffer from stage Ⅲ central lung cancer,which' s the hila of lung remained frozen,re- ceived complete resection of the tumor.The normal functioning pulmonary tissue in the 20 patients was preserved instead of pneumone- ctomy.The average amount of bleeding was 256 ml(180～420 ml)during operation.All 20 patients recovered well.Conclusion Transient blocking of both pttlmonary artery and veins for surgical treatment of stage Ⅲ central lung cancer is and innovation in surgical technique,which makes the operation safe and easy.This technique may provide a chance to patients,with poor cardio-pulmonary function.In addition,this technique widens the surgical indications for patients suffering from lung cancer.

Objective:To explore the pathological differences of surgically resected specimens of advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) to different neoadjuvant therapies (neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and toripalimab combined with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy).Methods:Thirty patients diagnosed with advanced ESCC who underwent surgical operation after neoadjuvant therapy in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital from October 2020 to September 2021 were included. Among them, 15 patients received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (radiochemotherapy group) and 15 patients were treated with toripalimab combined with radiochemotherapy (immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group). Surgically resected specimens were collected. The histopathological features of primary esophageal lesions and the responses of involved lymph nodes were analyzed and compared between two groups.Results:The major pathological response (MPR) rate in the radiochemotherapy group was 10/15, and 14/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group ( P=0.17). The pathological complete response (pCR) rate of the primary lesions in the radiochemotherapy group was 7/15, and 10/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group ( P=0.46). In the radiochemotherapy group, the incidence rate of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) was 7/15, and 12/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group ( P=0.02). The incidence rate of necrosis in the radiochemotherapy group was 6/15, and 1/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group ( P=0.03). In addition, the incidence rate of foam cell infiltration in the radiochemotherapy group was 6/15, and 13/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group ( P=0.01). Furthermore, the pCR rate of involved lymph nodes in the radiochemotherapy group was 7/33, and 11/12 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Compared with the radiochemotherapy group, the incidence of TLS and foam cell infiltration is higher, the incidence of necrosis is lower and clinical efficacy of involved lymph nodes is higher in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group, prompting that toripalimab combined with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy exert higher synergistic immune effect.