ObjectiveTo study echovirus 11 ( ECHO11 ) sequences genetic variability of the VP1 gene of 82 isolates from 15 countries and 2 provinces in China.MethodsThe VP1 sequences of 82 strains of echovirus 11 were downloaded from the GenBank,and their nucleotide and amino acid diversity were calculated and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega software.Results82 echovirus 11 strains were divided into 4 genotypes( A-D),Genotype A is further divided into 7 subgenotyps and genotype D into 7 subgenotyps.The prototype strain Gregory is the sole member of genotype B.Genotype C is divided into 3 genotypes.The sequence diversity between echovirus 11 strains is 21.7%-24.1% (AA diversity:6.0%-12.1% ).ConclusionOur results show that most genotypes contain isolates that have circulated over a wide geographical(several countries from different continents) and temporal range.Several genotypes were also shown to co-circulate in a region during the same period of time,showing that the epidemic of echovirus 11 has typical time and geographical characters.

To investigate the chemical constituents of A. barbadensis, aqueous extract of the plant was subjected to preparative medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). The chemical structures were mainly determined by spectroscopic evidences (UV, IR, HR-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, 1H-1H COSY and HMBC) and chemical methods. A new O, O, O-triglucosylated naphthalene derivative, together with two known 6-phenyl-2-pyrone derivatives and four 5-methylchromones, were isolated and identified as 1-((3-((4- O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-xylopyranosyloxymethyl)-1-hydroxy-8-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)naphthalene-2-y])-ethanone (1), 10-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl aloenin (2), aloenin B (3), aloesin (4), 8-C-glucosyl-(R)-aloesol (5), 8-C-glucosyl-7-O-methyl-(S)-aloesol (6), and isoaloeresin D (7). Compound 1 is a novel naphthalene derivative and named as aloveroside B, compounds 2-3 are isolated from this Aloe species for the first time.

Objective:To analyze the non-enterovirus A71 (non-EVA71) and non-coxsackievirus A16 (non-CVA16) enteroviruses causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Kunming and Qujing of Yunnan Province in 2021 by sequencing the VP4/VP2 and VP1 genes and to analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of the VP1 gene of CVA2, aiming to provide reference for the prevention and control of CVA2.Methods:The samples were made and extracted strictly according to the Laboratory Manual for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018 Edition). VP4/VP2 junction regions were firstly amplified and sequenced by MD91/OL68-1 primers. These sequences were firstly edited and then "blasted" on the GenBank to determine the virus serotype. To analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of CVA2, the entire VP1 gene sequences were amplified in two segments using enterovirus species A primers. Virus serotype was again confirmed online by "Enterovirus Genotyping Tool Version 0.1". The sequences of the reference virus genotypes/sub-genotypes were downloaded according to the reference. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by Mega5.2 software and the genetic characteristics were analyzed.Results:A total of 749 non-EVA71 and non-CVA16 enteroviruses were detected in the two areas in 2021. Group A enteroviruses were the main pathogens, with CVA16 as the predominant virus, and a small number of group B enteroviruses were reported. Only five strains of CVA2 were detected with a detection rate of 0.67% (5/749), indicating that CVA2 was a rare pathogen for HFMD in the two areas. The sequencing and serotyping results were consistent using the two genomic regions of VP4/VP2 junction region and VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three Kunming strains belonged to genotype A, while two Qujing strains belonged to genotype D.Conclusions:The detection rate of CVA2 in Kunming and Qujing was 0.67% in 2021. CVA2 was a rare pathogen for HFMD in the two regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed genotypes A and D spread in Kunming and Qujing, respectively, but had not caused epidemics. To our knowledge, this was the first report of genotype A of CVA2 in China. Strengthening the laboratory surveillance especially molecular epidemiological surveillance is valuable for the monitor and analysis of transmission source for CVA2.

Pure drug-assembled nanomedicines (PDANs) are currently under intensive investigation as promising nanoplatforms for cancer therapy. However, poor colloidal stability and less tumor-homing ability remain critical unresolved problems that impede their clinical translation. Herein, we report a core-matched nanoassembly of pyropheophorbide a (PPa) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Pure PPa molecules are found to self-assemble into nanoparticles (NPs), and an amphiphilic PEG polymer (PPa-PEG