BACKGROUND: Bone is a connective tissue that continuously modeling and remodeling. The dynamic homeostasis of bone is regulated by the process of osteoblasts synthesizing bone matrix and osteoclasts absorbing bone matrix. Osteoclasts have always been attracting numerous researches for its bone absorption. Along with the rapid development of gene knockout, biomolecular and other technologies, we have gone deeper and further lifting the veil of osteoclasts.OBJECTIVE: To overview the research regarding the molecular mechanisms and regulating factors of osteoclast formation, differentiation and function.METHODS: The first author retrieved PubMed database for the articles concerning molecular mechanisms and regulating factors of osteoclast formation, differentiation and function published from 1980 to 2015 using the keywords of osteoclast, molecular regulation, bone resorption, regulation mechanisms. Subsequently, a systamatice management,summary and analysis was performed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 151 literatures were searched, and 29 eligible articles were ultimately enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RANK/RANKL/OPG axis plays a significant role in modulating bone formation and resorption. Understanding the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of osteoclasts is of great significance for exploring osteoarticular diseases, osteogenesis, osteoimmunology, biomaterials and other aspects.

Objective To compare the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and compound norethisterone enanthate (CNE) on the susceptibility of BABL/c mice to lower reproductive tract infection with chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Methods A total of 60 BALB/c mice were randomly and equally divided into 6 groups:MPA-pretreated control group and CNE-pretreated control group inoculated with MyCoy cell suspensions in the vagina on the 5th day after single treatment with MPA and CNE respectively, blank control group receiving no treatment, MPA-pretreated infected group and CNE-pretreated infected group inoculated with 1 × 107 inclusion-forming units(IFU)of Ct serovar E in the vagina on the 5th day after single treatment with MPA and CNE respectively, control infected group inoculated with the same quantity of IFU of Ct serovar E in the vagina but receiving no pretreatment. On day 4, 7 and 14 after inoculation, vaginal irrigation fluid was obtained from all the mice for cell culture of Ct. Three mice were randomly selected from each of these groups at the above three time points and sacrificed, and vaginal and uterine tissue specimens were obtained for hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and microscopic examination. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were conducted to compare infection rate among different groups. Results No growth of Ct was observed in the three control groups at the above time points. The culture-positive rate of Ct was 1/10 on day 4 but 0 on day 7 and 14 in both the CNE-pretreated infected group and control infected group, 7/10 on day 4, 2/7 on day 7 but 0 on day 14 in the MPA-pretreated infected group. Fisher's exact test revealed that the culture-positive rate of Ct was significantly higher in the MPA-pretreated infected group than in the control infected group and CNE-pretreated infected group on day 4 (both P =0.03), but similar among the three infected groups on day 7 (P = 0.23). Both the MPA-pretreated control group and infected group showed an increase in endovaginal mucus, thinning of vaginal stratified squamous epithelium, mucification of vaginal epithelium, presence of secretions in vaginal lumen and submucosal infiltration of a few inflammatory cells on day 4, 7 and 14, as well as appearance of pathological changes (including the presence of large quantities of purulent secretions in lumen, mild tissue edema and submucosal infiltration of a few inflammatory cells) in the vagina on day 4. Vaginal tissues were normal in both the CNE-pretreated infected group and control group at the above three time points, but mild tissue edema, lumen expansion, secretion retention and infiltration of scattered inflammatory cells were observed in the uterus on day 4 after inoculation. Conclusions MPA can arrest the estrous cycle of mice at diestrus with the mucification of vaginal epithelium, which may increase the susceptibility to Ct vaginal infection in mice. In contrast, CNE has no obvious effect on the estrous cycle and susceptibility to Ct vaginal infection despite of the appearance of pathological changes in the uterus.

Objective To compare the pathogenicity between Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype 1 (Up1)and 8 (Uu8) in the genital tract of BALB/c mice.Methods A total of 48 BALB/c mice were randomly and equally divided into four groups:blank control group receiving no treatment,estradiol group pretreated with intramuscular injection of estradiol followed by intravaginal inoculation with sterial liquid culture media,Up1 and Uu8 groups pretreated with intramuscular injection of estradiol followed by intravaginal inoculation with suspensions of Up1 and Uu8 respectively.Three mice were randomly selected from each group to be sacrificed after the collection of vaginal lavage fluid on day 3,7,14 and 21 after the inoculation.Vaginal and uterine tissue specimens were obtained from these sacrificed mice and underwent hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.Vaginal lavage fluid samples were subjected to culture of Uu and measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).Results No evidences were observed for Uu growth in either the blank control group or estradiol group at any of the time points after the inoculation,with the average level of TNF-α in vaginal lavage fluid being (4.17 ± 0.85) pg/ml at these time points in both groups.Uu grew in all the vaginal lavage fluid samples from the Up1 and Uu8 groups at the four time points,with the color change unit (CCU) value decreasing with time.The level of TNF-α in vaginal lavage fluid peaked on day 14 after the inoculation in the Up 1 ((14.93 ± 1.11) pg/ml) and Uu8 ((27.04 ± 24.26) pg/ml) groups.Both Up1 and Uu8 infection caused acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the mice,which were mainly located in the uterus,and Up1 might cause intrauterine adhesion.Conclusions At the same inoculation concentration,no significant difference is found in the pathogenicity between Up1 and Uu8,both of which appear to mainly cause cervicitis.Upl might be partially responsible for intrauterine adhesion in mice.

Objective: To investigate the association between lifestyle risk factors and comorbidity of chronic diseases among male elderly populations in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide insights into improvements of lifestyles and prevention of comorbidity of chronic diseases among male elderly populations. Methods: Male residents at ages of 65 years and older that participated in community healthy examinations were sampled from 16 villages (communities) in Oroqen Autonomous Banner using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method from July to December, 2020. Participants' demographic data, lifestyle risk factors and disease history were collected using questionnaire surveys, and healthy examinations data were collected through the grassroots healthcare service information system for community health service centers, including waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid. The correlation between lifestyle risk factors and comorbidity of chronic diseases were examined among males at ages of 65 years and older using a multivariable ordered logistic regression model. Results: Totally 761 male elderly populations were included, with a mean age of (73.61±6.74) years. There were 216 participants with central obesity (28.38%), 179 with smoking (23.52%), 194 with alcohol consumption (25.49%), 412 with a low frequency of physical activities (54.14%), 347 with one type of lifestyle risk factor (45.60%) and 268 with two and more types of lifestyle risk factors (35.22%), 404 with hypertension, 170 with diabetes and 321 with dyslipidemia. There were 347 participants with one type of chronic disease (45.60%), 199 with two types of chronic diseases (26.15%) and 50 with three types of chronic diseases (6.57%), and the prevalence of comorbidity of chronic diseases was 32.72% among the participants. Multivariable ordered logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of developing comorbidity of chronic diseases among participants with central obesity (OR=2.442, 95%CI: 1.804-3.307), and a reduced risk of comorbidity of chronic diseases among participants with less than two types of lifestyle risk factors (one type, OR=0.607, 95%CI: 0.451-0.820; none, OR=0.675, 95%CI: 0.460-0.990). Conclusions Central obesity and number of lifestyle risk factors are factors affecting comorbidity of chronic diseases among the male elderly populations at ages of 65 years and older in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.

Autophagy is a conserved pathway for the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components in all eukaryotes. This process plays a critical role in the adaptation of plants to drastic changing environmental stresses such as starvation, oxidative stress, drought, salt, and pathogen invasion. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanism and roles of plant autophagy in various plant stress responses.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Arabidopsis ; genetics ; physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Autophagy ; genetics ; Disease Resistance ; Plant Diseases ; immunology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetics ; Sequence Homology ; Stress, Physiological

Objective:To analyze the clinical value of dynamic electrocardiogram combined with serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) levels in evaluating the severity of respiratory tract infection complicated with viral myocarditis.Methods:A total of 125 patients with respiratory tract infection who were admitted to the Affiliated Run Run Shaw Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University from January 2018 to December 2022 were selected retrospectively. They were divided into the complication group (71 cases) and the non-complication group (54 cases) according to whether they were complicated with viral myocarditis. Dynamic and conventional electrocardiogram characteristics were compared. Serum BNP and CK-MB levels in the complication group and the non-complication group at admission were analyzed. Dynamic electrocardiograms and serum BNP and CK-MB levels of patients with different severity of myocarditis were comparatively analyzed. The value of combined diagnosis was analyzed.Results:The detection rates of atrial premature beats and sinus tachycardia by dynamic electrocardiogram were higher than those by conventional electrocardiogram: 38.03% (27/71) vs. 22.54% (16/71), 28.17% (20/71) vs. 14.08% (10/71) ( P<0.05). Serum BNP and CK-MB levels in the complication group were higher than those in the non-complication group: (104.26 ± 10.75) ng/L vs. (54.11 ± 5.69) ng/L, (17.89 ± 1.86) U/L vs. (13.46 ± 1.42) U/L ( P<0.05). The detection rates of atrial premature beats, sinus tachycardia, burst ventricular tachycardia, first-degree atrioventricular block, ST segment change and low QRS voltage, serum BNP and CK-MB levels in patients with respiratory tract infection complicated with severe viral myocarditis (37 cases) were higher than those in patients with mild viral myocarditis (34 cases): 51.35% (19/37) vs. 23.53% (8/34), 43.24% (16/37) vs. 11.76% (4/34), 32.43% (12/37) vs. 11.76% (4/34), 29.73% (11/37) vs. 8.82% (3/34), 43.24% (16/37) vs. 14.71% (5/34), 24.32% (9/37) vs. 5.88% (2/34), (107.19 ± 10.56) ng/L vs. (101.08 ± 10.18) ng/L, (18.33 ± 1.85) U/L vs. (17.41 ± 1.76) U/L ( P<0.05). Compared with clinical pathological diagnosis, Kappa values of dynamic electrocardiogram, BNP at admission, CK-MB at admission and combination of the three for diagnosing acute upper respiratory tract infection complicated with viral myocarditis were 0.784, 0.765, 0.733 and 0.879. The sensitivity and accuracy of combined diagnosis were higher. Conclusions:Dynamic electrocardiogram combined with serum BNP and CK-MB can better help to evaluate the severity of respiratory tract infection complicated with myocarditis. Therefore, they are worthy of monitoring.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of cognitive function in patients with early onset and adult onset schizophrenia.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 546 patients with schizophrenia who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ) were selected.Among them, 62 cases were defined as early onset schizophrenia (EOS, age of onset＜18 years) and 175 patients were defined as adult onset schizophrenia (AOS, age of onset≥25 years).Patients underwent clinical assessments with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP), and comprehensive neuropsychological assessments.Results:The EOS patients got lower scores in motor function-PEGDOM T score [ (26±12) vs. (30±11), P＜0.01], working memory-average T score of PASAT and WMSSP[ (34±12) vs. (38±10), P＜0.05]and executive function (inhibition) -Stroop T score [ (35±12) vs. (39±10), P＜0.05]than AOS patients.No differences were fund in processing speed, verbal memory and learning, visual memory and learning (Ps＞0.05) between the two groups.Conclusion:It suggests that the EOS patients have worse motor function, working memory and inhibition.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of classifying imaging patterns of dermatomyositis/polymyositis-related interstitial lung disease (DM/PM-ILD) into subtypes based on chest CT radiomics features and a model was constructed by machine learning algorithms.Methods:From November 2011 to November 2020, 107 patients diagnosed with PM/DM-ILD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 315 cases with chest CT were collected. Doctors pre-classified image patterns, including 105 cases with non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), 90 cases with organizing pneumonia (OP), and 66 cases with non-specific interstitial pneumonia combined with organizing pneumonia (NSIP+OP), 35 cases with common interstitial pneumonia (UIP), and 19 cases with diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), ANOVA was used to test the difference of baseline clinical information among the imaging classification groups. All images were divided into the training set and the est set by stratified random sampling at a ratio of 4∶1. In each CT scan, 3D slicer was used to segment each lung lobe, and then reconstructed into 3 mm 3 of voxels, and Pyradiomics library was used to extract the radiomic features of the whole lung and each lobe. The multi-classification goal was achieved by constructing random forest base classifiers for each of the five groups and then voting as the final model. In the process of constructing the base classifier, firstly, the balance between sample groups was achieved by SMOTETomek comprehensive sampling, and the optimal feature set was selected by independent sample t test and L1 regularized least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. In this study, the Radiomics model was constructed based on chest CT radiomics features, and the Radiomics + model was constructed by introducing gender and age information. The base classifier and the integration model use the mean accuracy and the area under the receiver operator characteristics analysis curve (AUC) to evaluate the performance, respectively. Results:There was a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05) between the ages of the NSIP, OP, NSIP+OP, UIP, and DAD groups [(57±13),(53±8),(54±10),(44±11), and (46±8)years old, respectively], F=11.82, P<0.001. In the Radiomics model, for each group of NSIP, OP, NSIP+OP, UIP, and DAD, the AUCs of the training set were 0.87, 0.91, 0.91, 0.96, and 0.99, respectively, and the AUC of the test set were 0.81, 0.82, 0.79, 0.93, 0.89. In the final Radiomics + model, for each group of NSIP, OP, NSIP+OP, UIP, and DAD, the AUCs of the training set were 0.89, 0.91, 0.92, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively, and the AUCs of the test set were 0.84, 0.82, 0.78, 0.94, 0.90. Conclusion:Based on chest CT radiomics features and key clinical features (sex, age), the Radiomics + model constructed by machine learning has good classification performance for the imaging patterns of PM/DM-LD.

Objective:To evaluate biological dose and retrospective biodosimetry of a case of large area back skin injury caused by suspected interventional procedure.Methods:Peripheral blood from the patient was collected at about 7 months after interventional procedure, and the chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood cells were analyzed to evaluate the retrospective biodosimetry using the correction factor of dose estimation, Dolphin′s model and Qdr method, respectively. Results:Based on the amounts of semi-automated dic and manually detected dic plus ring, the whole-body average absorbed dose of the victim was estimated to be 0.68-0.95 Gy by four different dose response curves. Over dispersion of dic or dic plus ring was also detected, and the efficiency of dose assessment was obviously increased using dic semi-automatic detection. Based on three different retrospective biodosimetry models, the estimated average absorbed dose was further corrected to be between 1.80-2.86 Gy, which was consistent with clinical diagnosis of degree Ⅳ radiation skin injury.Conclusions:A case of suspected radiation skin injury was confirmed by chromosomal aberration analysis and it’s biodosimetry was reconstructed, suggesting that the unstable chromosomal aberration analysis may be applicable to assess the retrospective biodosimetry of non-uniform local radiation exposure.

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE) isolated from children in China. Methods CRE strains were collected in 10 ter-tiary children's hospitals of China from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the clinical strains was detected with disk diffusion method ( KB method) and automated method. The re-sults were analyzed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ( CLSI) Standards published in 2017. WHONET 5. 6 software was used to retrospectively analyze the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of these strains. Results A total of 3065 CRE clinical strains were isolated from children with an overall prevalence of 7. 7％ and among them, 13. 5％ were isolated in neonatal group and 5. 8％ in non-neo-natal group. The detection rate of CRE in 2017 was higher than that in 2016 (9. 7％ vs 5. 7％). Among the 3065 CRE strains, there were 1912 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (62. 0％), 667 strains of Escherichia coli (22. 0％), 206 strains of Enterobacter cloacae (7. 0％), 56 strains of Klebsiella aerogenes (1. 8％) and 47 strains of Serratia marcescens (1. 5％). Most of the strains were isolate in neonatology departments including neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and intensive care units (ICU), accounting for 44. 8％ and 19. 7％, respectively. Respiratory tract (61. 8％), urine (19. 4％) and blood (5. 7％) specimens were the main sources of CRE isolates. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the CRE strains were highly resistant to carbapenem antibiotics such as imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem, as well as penicillins and most cephalosporins (79. 6％-100％), especially those isolated in the neonatal group (P<0. 05). Children had relatively low resistance rates to aminoglycosides such as amikacin (19. 7％) and fos-fomycin (11. 9％), fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin (37. 7％) and ciprofloxacin (43. 3％), and tige-cycline (3. 8％). Currently, no polymyxin B-resistant strains were isolated. Conclusions The prevalence of common CRE strains in children in 2017 was higher than that in 2016, especially in newborns. Drug re-sistance in CRE strains isolated from neonates to common antibiotics was more severe, suggesting that great attention should be paid to it and timely measures should also be taken.