Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that trigger the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of interleukin-1β ( IL-1β) , which are critical for inflammation and control of pathogen infection. Inflammasomes are involved in and regulate diversified diseases due to its capability to sense multiple danger signals. In this review, we present the activation and regulation mechanisms for different inflammasomes and discuss how genetic mutations in inflammasome-related genes or abnormal activity of in-flammasomes lead to diseases. Insights into the role of inflammasome in various human diseases will provide sound theoretical basis and effective treatment strategy for these disease.

Mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)is one of the most frustrating diseases because it exhibits the worst features of both aggressive non-Hodgkin Lymphoma(NHL)and indolent NHL.It develops rapidly like the former,and it is incurable and lacks of better therapeutic options like the latter.Clinical researchs confirm the activity of rituximab as a single agent and combination regimens(R-Chemo)in the treatment of MCL. Bortezomab is also active in treating patients with MCL and requires further study in combination regiments. The usages of mTOR inhibitor and radioimmunotherapy represents a novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of MCL.It is also deserved to study.

Objective To evaluate the MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) diagnosis for cholangitis caused by clonorchis sinensis. Methods Fifty-four cases with cholangitis caused by clonorchis sinensis were examined by MRCP (3D FASE-Heavy T 2WI sequence). The results of MRCP were compared with that of ERCP, laparoscopy, and pathology. Results The diagnostic accuracy for the cause of the disease was 88.9%. Main findings on MRCP included slight dilation of the intra-hepatic biliary duct ( n =46), small cystiform dilation of peripheral biliary ending ( n =43), extra-hepatic biliary dilations ( n =15) and strictures ( n =19), and low signal intensity filling defect in the common bile duct and gallbladder ( n =6). Conclusion MRCP of biliary tree images can be obtained with 3D FASE Heavy T 2WI sequence in considerable details. The characteristic of the cholangitis caused by clonorchis sinensis on MRCP was the slight dilation or stricture of extensive intra-hepatic biliary duct, combined with small cystiform dilation of peripheral biliary ending. MRCP was an ideal technique in diagnosing the disease.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical curative effect of Danshen and Chuanxiongqin injetion for frequent attacks of transient cerebral ischemia. METHODS: A total of 78 patients with frequent attacks of transient cerebral ischemia were enrolled:40(treatment group) were assigned to receive Danshen and Chuanxiongqin injection 10 mL with 0.9% physionlogical saline 200 mL iv gtt q.d, 38 (control group) to receive Xuesaitong injection 10 mL with 0.9% physiological saline 200 mL iv gtt q.d for 14 days(for both group).RESULTS: There were significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in effective rate (95.00% vs.57.89% respectively) (P

Objective To evaluate the variability of calculating thyroid volume by SPECT imaging at different time postinjection. Methods A total of 40 patients with Graves disease were enrolled in this prospective study using simple random sampling method. After intravenous injection of Na99TcmO4, all patients underwent planar and tomographic scintigraphy at different time points (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 and 60 min), and the planar or tomographic integral method were used to estimate thyroid volume. Data were analyzed by one?way analysis of variance, paired t test or linear correlation analysis. Results For thyroid volume esti?mated by planar imaging, the correlation coefficients between the different time points and 20 min were 0?717-0?819 (all P<0.05), and the CV was (18.38±5.31)%. For thyroid volume estimated by tomographic integral method, the correlation coefficients were 0.913-0.961 (all P<0.05), and the CV was (8.05± 3?19)%. Both the correlation coefficient and CV were statistically significant between the two methods ( t=-13.59, -11.29, both P<0.05) . Conclusions Tomographic integral method has better correlation and re?producibility in calculating thyroid volume compared with planar method.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of muscle stimulating instrument on patients with spasticity of lower limbs after surgical treatment.Methods49 adults with spasticity of lower limbs after surgical treatment were divided into the treatment group (21 cases) and the control group (28 cases). Patients of two groups were treated with routien rehabilitation training, but muscle stimulating instruments treatment was added to patients of the treatment group. The muscle strength and motor ability of patients of two groups were followed up and compared.ResultsThe muscle strength and motor ability of the treatment group were better than that of the control group during follow-up period (P<0.05,P<0.01).ConclusionMuscle stimulating instrument can accelerate the recovery of muscle strength and motor ability in adults with spasticity of lower limbs after surgical treatment.

AIM:To detect the changes of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) expression in the brain following ischemia-reperfusion of hind limbs in the rats and to elucidate their significance .METHODS:Hind limb ischemia was in-duced by clamping infrarenal aorta with a microvascular clip and brain injury was made by following reperfusion .The brain tissue was obtained from the animals subjected to sham operation , 4 h of ischemia without reperfusion and 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h of reperfusion following 4 h of ischemia .The expression of CBS at mRNA and protein levels was measured at different time points by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and Western blotting .The CBS activity and hy-drogen sulfide ( H2 S) concentration in the brain were determined by a universal microplate reader .The observation of path-ologic changes of the brain was made following the inhibition of CBS by hydroxylamine .RESULTS:The relative expression of CBS at mRNA and protein levels in IR group significantly increased compared with sham group .It reached a peak at 12 h (P<0.01), and returned to baseline at 24 h (P>0.05).This time course correlated with increased CBS activity and H2 S concentration .No statistically significant difference in the above indexes between sham operation group and ischemia group was observed (P>0.05).Inhibition of CBS activity induced more severe brain injury in IR group .CONCLUSION:Up-regulation of CBS/H2 S pathway is involved in the protection for neurons during the ischemia-reperfusion of hind limbs .

Objective To evaluate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on peripheral blood and adenoid in children with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and adenoidal hypertrophy ,to investigate the mechanism of IL-6 on the occurrence and development of CRS .Methods A total of 216 cases of hypertrophic adenoids were collected ,including 95 CRS children with hypertrophic adenoid (CRS group) ,70 children with allergic rhinitis and hypertrophic adenoid (AR group)and 51 children with hypertrophic adenoid (control group) .The plasma IL-6 concentrations were detected by ELISA ,and the expression and distribution of IL-6 in adenoid tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry .Results The plasma IL-6 level in CRS group was (49 .8 ± 8 .3)pg/mL ,significantly higher than that of in control group (33 .6 ± 6 .9)pg/mL and in AR group (35 .9 ± 5 .6)pg/mL ,differences had statistic significance ( P< 0 .05) .However ,there was no statistically significant difference between AR group and control group .Meanwhile ,the presence of IL-6 in adenoid tissue was mainly seen in inflammation cells and fibroblasts while less in mesenchymal cells ,there were statistical differences between CRS group and control group/AR group (P< 0 .05) ,but no statistical difference between AP group and control group(P> 0 .05) .Conclusion Among children with CRS ,expression of IL-6 whether in peri-plasma or in focal tissue was higher than those without CRS ,demonstrating that IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and developemnt of CRS in chil-dren .

Objective To observe attenuated store-operated Ca2+ entry in superior mesenteric artery endothelial cells of aged rat.Methods The pressure myograph was applied to measure the vasodilation of superior mesenteric artery induced by bradykinin (BK) in aged versus non-elder rats.Primarily cultured MAECs were treated by thapsigargin (TG) and BK to deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores for comparing SOCE.SOCE of MAECs was detected by calcium imaging technology and was compared between aged and non-elder rats.The expression levels of Orai 1 and stromal interaction factor 1 (STIM 1) were observed by immunofluorescence method.Results Compared with the nonelder rats (70.0 ± 4.1 ％),BK-induced vasodilation in aged rats (27.0 ± 4.9)％ was declined by (60.7±4.3) ％.SOCE induced by BK and TG in primarily cultured MAECs was attenuated by 37.6％ and 39.2％ in aged rats (1.71±0.18 and 1.06±0.03) respectively as compared with non-elder rats (2.72±0.39 and 1.75±0.06).The expressions of SOCE's components Orai 1 and STIM 1 in MAECs were decreased obviously in aged rats than in non elder rats.Conclusions SOCE of MAECs and SOCE-induced vasodilation are significantly attenuated in aged rats.The decreased expression level of Orai 1 and STIM 1 may contribute to this alteration.

Objective To better promote the health education and health promotion among patients with chronic disease, general practitioners (GPs) in the community should master the knowledge of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This paper aimed to describe the current situation of GPs' knowledge about prevention and treatment of NCDs. Methods Self-designed questionnaires were issued to 1 077 GPs in community health service centers, and all GPs finished the questionnaire without assistance. The content of questionnaire includes the general information of GPs and six questions focusing on NCDs. Results Overall, 1 076 GPs completed the questionnaire, and the response rate was 99.9% (1 076/1 077). With regard to the six questions about NCDs, 90.4% (973/1 076) of GPs were well aware of the diagnosis of hypertension. Apart from that, the knowledge of diabetes mellitus (60.9%, 655/1 076), factors related to NCDs (70.2%, 755/1 076), the concepts of mental illness (52.0%, 560/1 076) and the clinical significance of tumor markers (87.9%, 946/1 076) among GPs were adequate, while more than half of the GPs did not know a lot about home oxygen therapy. Conclusion The mastering level of knowledge about prevention and treatment of NCDs among GPs varies that they need further improvement.