Nowadays,aging is the general trend of population development in the world.Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the elderly.Because of the atypical symptoms and signs,accompaniment of chronic cardiovascular disease and vulnerability to low blood glucose in the elder patients with diabetes,we should to make safe,effective,and individualized therapeutic programs for them.This paper will review the current prevalence,characteristics,and oral drug selection among elderly individuals with T2DM.

Autoimmune disease is a condition arisen from an abnormal immune response to the tissue cells itself, its precise mechanism remains unknown, and the failure to distinguish self from non-self is often termed a breach of tolerance and is the basis for autoimmune illness. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced protein 8 like-2 (TIPE2) is a newly discovered member of TNF-α induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) family which is an essential negative controller of both innate and adaptive immunity. It has been documented that marked expressions of TIPE2 are evident in various autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), myasthenia gravis (MG) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which appear to be closely related to the severity, progression as well as prognosis of the illness, thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Deficient expression of TIPE2 might contribute to the hyper-reactivity of auto-reactive lymphocytes and macrophages, or aggregate inflammatory reaction by prompting high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood, thus, trigger the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. In addition, dysregulation of immune homeostasis could be another latent target involved into the mechanism of autoimmune diseases. The present paper summarized the potential role and its mechanism of TIPE2 in the development of autoimmune diseases.

hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11? HSD) catalyzes the interconversion of cortisol with its inactive metabolite cortisone. The congenital deficiency of 11? HSD2 induce hypertension and hypokalemia. This disorder is called "Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess(AME)". Glycyrrhizic acid and other endo and xenobiotics have been found to inhibit the activity of 11? HSD and cause excess mineralocorticoid effects that is similar to AME. The decrease in 11? HSD activity is related with the acquired and congenital hypertention.

11? Hydroxysterold dehydrogenases (11?-HSDs )catalyse the interconversion of active glucocorticoids(cortisol,corticosterone )and their inert 11?-keto derivatives(cortisone,11-dehydrocorticosterone)They play an important role in regulating the local glucocorticoids activities.Glucoeorticoids can induce insulin resistance.The alteration of 11?-HSD activities in tissues such as liver ,adipose tissue, is closely relevant to some common disorders,including obesity and type 2diabetes mellitus.

Peroxiredoxins(Prxs) are a family of antioxidant protein that have been identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. As antioxidants, Prxs protein contains an active site cysteine that is sensitive to oxidation by H 2 O2, eliminate active oxygen that exist in normal tissues and cells, protect cells from oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species ( ROS). Prxs protein is a known free radical scavenger, and has been shown to play a role in several diseases. In this review, recent advances on the study of Prxs protein family and tumor related diseases are reviewed, which is expected to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of the related clinical diseases.

Infectious diseases are resulted from the invasion of an organism's body tissues by multiple disease-causing agents. It has been demonstrated that the occurrence and development of infectious diseases are closely associated with the functional status of immune system. Cytokines play significant roles in modulating the host immune response to the clearance of pathogenic microorganisms and maintaining immune homeostasis. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), as a newly identified member of IL-12 family, exerts suppressive effect on immune response by means of a specific pattern. With the progress of research in recent years, IL-35 might serve as an essential contributor in the immunopathogensis of vast infectious diseases, including hepatitis B, sepsis, tuberculosis and parasite infection, which simultaneously appear to be closely related to the severity, progression as well as prognosis of the illness. Apparently, IL-35 is regarded as a potent and promising anti-inflammatory cytokine in clinical application; its potential value may shed light on the therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases. Herein, we mainly review the potential role and its mechanism of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.

Objective To study the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral obstruction caused by endometriosis. Methods Out of 23 patients suffered from endometriosis treated from 1997 to 2000,ureteral obstruction occurred in 2 accompanied by hydronephrosis and dilatation of ureter.Both the 2 underwent sub total hysterectomy, resection of the intumescence in pelvic cavity, and the ureter was freed from the surrounding tissue. Results Ureteral obstruction was relieved in 7～10 days after the procedure. Both the petients were followed up for 2 years without recurrence. Conclusions Attention shoud be called to ureteral obstruction caused by endometriosis.Ultrasonic examination and intravenous pyelogram before operation, close examination of the ureter and adequate freeing of the ureter from it's surrounding tissue during operation, the application of gestrinone for 6 months after the operation, and scheduled following up would yield a satisfactory outcome.

Objective To investigate the effect of stress induced by fear on germ cells apoptosis in rat's testis. Methods 36 SD rats were randomly assigned to acute stress group, subacute stress group, chronic stress group and control group, respectively. The model of the stress rat induced by fear was reproduced. The levels of caspase-3 mRNA and bax /bcl-2 mRNA expression in rats' testis were determined by fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. The apoptosis of spermatogonic cell, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte and spermatid was identified by TUNEL. Results Caspase-3 mRNA, compared with that in control group, was expressed highly in the subacute stress group (5.34?1.13 vs 3.67?0.34, P0.05). The ratio of bax /bcl-2 mRNA, compared with that in the control group, was increased significantly in the subacute stress group (2.68?0.86 vs 1.60?0.42, P0.05). Compared with that in control group (1.50?0.58), the apoptotic index of germ cells was higher in the subacute stress group (10.50?1.29, P0.05). Conclusion Stress induced by fear plays an important role in inducing germ cells apoptosis, and caspase-3, bax and bcl-2 were involved in this process.

[Objective]To investigate the influence of panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)on production of Nitric Oxide(NO) by peritoneal macrophages of rats with adjuvant arthritis(AA).[Methods]Complete Freund's adjuvant was used to induce AA in rats.Production of NO by peritoneal macrophages of rats with adjuvant arthritis was determined by nitrate reductase.[Results]PNS 0.4mg/ml increased NO synthesis and secretion from peritoneal macrophages of AA rats in vitro after four hours(P

Background The pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis has not been clearly established.Current researchers indicate that interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 may play an important role in allergic conjunctivitis.But whether the roles of these inflammatory factors are same in different types of allergic conjunctivitis remains unclear.Objective This study was to investigate the expressions of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in ocular surface with different types of allergic conjunctivitis.Methods A prospective cohort study was designed.Eighty individuals were recruited in Shanxi Eye Hospital from April 2013 to September 2014, including 20 patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), 20 patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), 20 patients with perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) and 20 normal healthy subjects.Surficial tissues were binocularly scraped using disinfected scraper from upper eyelid conjunctiva, and 4 μl of tear fluid was obtained with capillary tube.The expressions of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 protein and mRNA in the conjunctival epithelial cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 concentrations in tear fluid were assayed by Luminex method.This study complied with Declaration of Helsinki and the research protocol was approved by the Shanxi Eye Hospital Ethics Committee.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to entering the cohort.Results IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were positively expressed in cytoplasm of conjunctival epithelial cells in the VKC group,SAC group and PAC group,but the expressions of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13 were absent in the normal control group.The relative expression levels of IL-4 mRNA were 4.11±1.24,2.71±0.71 and 2.00±0.80;the relative expression levels of IL-5 mRNA were 4.02±0.43,2.07±0.45 and 1.47±0.50;and the relative expression levels of IL-13 mRNA expression levels were 6.44±0.66,4.35±1.26 and 2.39±0.86 in the VKC group,SAC group and PAC group, showing significant differences among the 4 groups (F =51.32,220.18,162.49, all at P＜0.01).The relative expression levels of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA were significantly higher in the VKC group than those in the SAC group and PAC group;and those in the SAC group were significantly elevated in comparison with the PAC group (all at P＜0.05).No IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were detected in the tear fluid in the normal control group;while the concentrations of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13 in the tear fluid were (14.06±3.50), (10.88±1.82) and (34.28±8.42) pg/ml in the VKC group,and (7.71 ±0.65), (5.10± 1.33), (23.77±6.29) pg/ml in the SAC group as well as (3.30± 1.50) pg/ml, (2.43± 1.28) pg/ml and (17.67 ± 4.28) pg/ml in the PAC group, showing significant differences among the 3 groups (F =200.29,260.49,128.23, all at P＜0.01).IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 concentrations in the tear fluid were significantly higher in the VKC group than those in the SAC group and PAC group,and those in the SAC group were significantly raised in comparison with the PAC group (all at P＜0.01).Conclusions IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13 participate in the pathogenesis of multiple allergic conjunctivitis,but their expressions in the ocular surficial tissue are discriminatory in different types of allergic conjunctivitis.