Objective To investigate the characteristics and possibility of using an image analyzer-aided method to count axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods The left optic nerves of 18 rats were transected intraorbitally and a piece of gelform soaked in 5% fluorogold was applied to the ocular stump to retrogradely label the surviving RGCs. All animals were executed 2, 7 or 14 days after the operation (n=6 for each time point), respectively. The left retinae were removed, post-fixed and whole-mounted on the slides. The numbers of labeled RGCs were counted using both the conventional sampling method and image analysis, and compared statistically between the two methods. Results The number of surviving RGCs decreased sharply [(12 0663?9 089), (59 285?17 071) and (17 802?19 84) cells/mm 2 for image analyzer-aided method, and (118 237?7 898), (57 648?14 533) and (18 070?1 461) cells/mm 2 for conventional sampling method] when the survival time increased from 2 to 7 and 14 days. No significant difference was detected between the two groups at any corresponding time points. Conclusion The image analyzer-aided method is convenient, objective and reproducible, which can be used in the studies where counting RGCs is needed.

The ocean is a huge resource of organisms and about 80% of the world species live in it. Marine organisms synthesize various structurally-unique and pharmacologically-active metabolites which differ from those derived from the land organisms and serve as lead compounds for drug development. More than 15 000 new compounds have been isolated and identified from marine animals, plants and microorganisms since decades ago, and drugs like cephalosporins, ziconotide (Prialt), cytarabine (AraC) and vidarabine (AraA) were developed using these compounds as precursors.

Apoptosis ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Neoplastic Processes ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology

Objective To investigate the effect of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on rat retinal Müller cells under high glucose conditions. Methods Müller cells cultured in 25 mmoL/L glncose were incubated with 100 ng/ml PEDF or 10 ng/ml interleukin-1β(IL-1β) for 24 h. The expression of IL-1β or PEDF in Müller cells was measured by indirect immunofluorescence, Western blot or realtime RT-PCR. The survival of Müller cells was detected by MTT assay. Results Under high glucose conditions, expression of IL-1β or PEDF was decreased after treated with 100 ng/ml PEDF or 10 ng/ml IL-1β for 24 hours by the methods of immunocytochemistry, Western blot or realtime PCR (P ＜ 0.05). Activity of Müller cells was increased significantly by PEDF (0.48±0.09 vs 0.64±0.17, P＜0.05). Conclusion In mimic diabetic conditions, PEDF decreases expression of IL-1β in rat retinal Müller cells and enhances the cell activity. To some degree, PEDF may block the process of inflammation in diabetic retinopathy.

Objective To investigate the effect of extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) combined with expanding bone marrow autografts in treating nonunion of femoral shaft fractures with interlocking intramedullary nails.Methods Thirty patients with femoral shaft fractures which had not united were divided into an ESW group,an expanding bone marrow group,and a combined treatment group using a table of random numbers.Each group had 10 cases.In the ESW group,no expanding bone marrow was employed in fixing the intramedullary nails and ESW therapy was begun at day 14 after the operation.In the expanding bone marrow group,bone marrow was grafted around the broken ends of fractured bones.In the combined treatment group patients underwent both treatments.The conditions of the callus and the fracture lines in the 3 groups were separately evaluated using X-rays at the 4th,8th,12th and 16th week after the operation.Results At week 4,the average callus and fracture line scores in the combined treatment and expanding bone marrow groups were significantly better than those in the ESW group.At the 8th week after the operation,the average callus and fracture line scores in the combined treatment group were significantly higher than in the ESW group and expanding bone marrow groups.Later,the callus and fracture scores in all 3 groups continued to rise significantly.At the 12th and 16th week the scores in the combined treatment group were significantly better than those in the ESW group and the expanding bone marrow group,while the scores in the ESW group were significantly better than those in the expanding bone marrow group.The cure rates in the ESW,bone marrow and combined treatment groups were 60％,50％ and 100％ respectively at week 16.Conclusions The combined treatment was significantly more effective than either treatment alone.There was no significant difference in effectiveness between the ESW and expanding bone marrow treatments.ESW combined with expanding bone marrow autograft is an effective way to promote bone knitting in the treatment of nonunion of femoral shaft fractures with interlocking intramedullary nails.

Objective To explore the value of autoantibodies and biochemical markers in the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),and to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis.Methods AIH patients as AIH group(n=35),viral hepatitis as viral hepatitis group (n=30,including 9 cases of hepatitis A,15 cases of hepatitis B and 6 cases of hepatitis C),the other 33 healthy volunteers were selected as healthy control group,indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect ANA,ASMA,AMA.Western blot was used to detect SLA/LP,LC-1,LKM,AMA-M2 and biochemical examination means ALT,AST,ALP,gamma-GT,T-BIL,D-BIL,TBA.Results The test results of autoantibodies were tested by chi square test.The positive rate of ANA,ASMA,AMA and AMA-M2 in AIH group was significantly higher than that in viral hepatitis group and healthy control group (P<0.05).The results of biochemical test by rank sum test,ALP,gamma-GT in the AIH group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P<0.05).The results of D-BIL detection in viral hepatitis group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05).Conclusion The combination of autoantibodies and laboratory biochemistry could help clinical diagnosis of AIH.

Objective To investigate the construction of compound membrane with corneal stromal cells and collagen-chitosan by tissue engineering technique and its biocompatibility.Methods Rabbit and human corneal stromal cells were separated and seeded into collagen-chitosan membrane.The compound membrane was transplanted into rabbit corneal stroma.Then the growth condition of keratocytes,the effect on normal keratocytes and degradation of compound membrane were detected by corneal confocal microscope,anterior OCT and histological and immunohistochemical methods ex vivo 1,2,4 weeks after grafting.Results The rabbit and human corneal stromal cells grown well in collagen-chitosan scaffold.The compound membrane degradated gradually after grafting.There was no necrosis and dissolvation.Corneal epithelium,stroma and endothelial cells were all normal.Conclusion Collagen-chitosan can be used as a biological scaffold for construction of corneal stroma.Corneal confocal microscopy and anterior OCT are new methods to observe the biological activity of constructed corneal stroma.

As one of the first resident standardized training bases, department of ophthalmology of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital participated in this reform process from 2010. Relevant rules and regulations (training management system , training scheme implementation system and evaluation system ) were strictly obeyed. When new problems emerged, under the guidance of department in charge, a series of regimens were formulated and improved gradually by Ophthalmology Professional Committee of Shanghai Resident Standardized Training Department. Based on reviewing and summarizing the work in the last 3 years, some thoughts and suggestions on the resident standardized training in future were put forward ,in-cluding how to better solve the“heavily used, lightly cultured” problem, the“disregarding medical ethics establishment”problem, the“disregarding assessment of teachers”problem and the“disregard-ing obtaining employment”problem.

OBJECTIVE To study the relative factors affecting auditory effects after tympanoplasty. METHODS 118 cases (126 ears) of tympanoplasty were reported,16 factors that might influence auditory effects were analysed. RESULTS There were 10 in 16 factors affecting auditory effects after tympanoplasty, including course, the degree of pathological changes, air-bone gap, function of eustanchian tube, remaining handle of malleus, the type of surgery, condition of tympanic mambrane after operation and so on. The results of single-variance analysis had statistical differences (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION Auditory effects after tympanoplasty were influenced by a series of factors, the major factors were the degree of pathological change and type of surgery.

The corneal transparency is one of the important basic conditions for realizing normal physiological functions of visual organs. Also corneal endothelial cells are important conditions for maintaining normal corneal transparency. Therefore, only to ensure the morphology and physiological integrity of the corneal endothelial, can have normal vision. However, intraocular surgeries inevitably cause damage to corneal endothelial cells. This paper will review the effects of glaucoma surgery on corneal endothelial cells.