The imbricata or Tokelau ringworm is an unusual superficial dermatophytosis caused by the anthropophilic Trichophyton concentricum. Three cases of the Tinea imbricata observed at the Municipal Health Office of Kiamba, Sarangani Province, Philippines are reported in this study. All three patients were from an indigenous ethnic group of Sarangani Province and lived in isolated upland communities. Patient 1 was a 30 year old male, Patient 2 was a 40 year old female, and Patient 3 was a 19 year old female. Lesions lasted - 27 years, - 25 years, and 2 years, respectively. All patients presented with characteristic expensive polycyclic to serpiginous scaling lesions, with areas of sparing. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings prepared with potassium hydroxide revealed the characteristic broad, branched, septate, irregular hyphae. Trichopyton concentricum, the causative agent, was isolated in one of the patients using Mycobiotoc agar. Histopathologic examination on 2 of the patients revealed acute and chronic inflammation, and Periodic Acid Schiff- positive fungal hyphae. All patients were started on Griseofulvin 500mg tab once daily. The case series presented here is the first account of Tinea imbricata in the Philippines since the 1990s.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Agar ; Ethnic Groups ; Griseofulvin ; Hydroxides ; Hyphae ; Inflammation ; Periodic Acid ; Philippines ; Polynesia ; Potassium Compounds ; Skin ; Tinea ; Trichophyton ; Tinea Capitis

BACKGROUND: The high rates of infestation, treatment failures and treatment costs have created the search for new therapies againts head lice.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the efficacy and safety of scalp occlusion with petroleum jelly (PJ) versus permethrin 1% shampoo against Pediculus humanus capitis among school-aged children

METHOD: Seventy-seven children were diagnosed with Pediculosis capitis. Thirty-eight subjects did eight-hour scalp occlusion with PJ, and 39 used permethrin shampoo, both followed by nit combing. Treatments were applied once weekly for three consecutive weeks. Patients were assessed at weeks 1,2,3 and 11. The primary outcome was the proportion of cured subjects and change in quality of life (QOL) scores om week 3 of follow-up. Cure was defined as the absence of variable lice on the hair/scalp or nits on the hair shaft attached within one centimeter from the scalp on visual examination.Secondary outcomes were relapse rate at week 11 ,cosmetic acceptability and adverse events. Effects on QOL were measured using the Dermatology Life Quality Index at baseline and at the end of the third week of treatment.

RESULTS: At Week 3, cure achieved in 47% (18/38) in PJ group 52% (17/33) in permethrin group (RRR 6.7%, 95% Cl: -40.4% to 38%). Relapse rate in the 12th week were 44% (8/18) and 58% (10/17), respectively (p=0.486, Fisher's test ). The differences in treatment effects were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Petroleum jelly scalp occlusion was comparable in cure rates to permethrin. PJ can be a safe, affordable alternative to permethrin as a pediculicide.

Human ; Petrolatum

Key Findings There is lack of clinical evidence supporting the role of oral fatty acid supplements as prevention and adjunctive therapy for COVID-19. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) mediate inflammation and adaptive immune responses. Omega-3 fatty acids promote anti‐inflammatory effects and reduce influenza virus replication. No clinical evidence supporting the use of oral fatty acid supplements as prevention and adjunctive therapy of COVID-19 was found. We found indirect evidence from one systematic review on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and two longitudinal cohort studies on community-acquired pneumonia that showed non-significant and inconsistent results. The most common known side effects of omega-3-fatty acids are gastrointestinal in nature. They may also cause allergy and affect blood clotting if taken with other medications that affect clotting. There are 2 ongoing clinical trials on eicosapentaenoic fatty acids as an adjunctive therapy to standard oral nutrition supplements or standard of care in COVID-19 patients. WHO Interim guidelines, CDC interim guidelines, Infectious Diseases Society of America COVID-19 treatment guidelines, and the American Thoracic Society did not give any recommendation on the use of nutritional supplements in patients with COVID-19.
Covid-19

Background. The premise of a "good death" is vital in delivering proper care of terminally-ill patients but the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about new challenges and necessary protocols. There is a need to explore this gap in knowledge and understand perspectives of various stakeholders in COVID-19-related deaths.

Objectives. To describe the perception, barriers, and facilitators of a "good death" from COVID-19 survivors, relatives, and healthcare providers in the setting of a COVID-19 tertiary hospital.

Methods. The study was done in a COVID-19 tertiary hospital in Metro Manila from September to December 2021. Three groups of target respondents were invited to participate in the study: 8 survivors of severe/critical COVID-19, 9 close relatives of COVID-19 patients who had died, and 9 healthcare providers who directly cared for COVID-19 patients who had died. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted by video calls which explored themes on good death. Thematic analysis was also done.

Results. A total of 26 respondents were included in the study: 8 COVID-19 survivors, 9 relatives, and 9 healthcare providers. The definition of "Good Death" among the participants focused on "being at peace" and having "everything in order". The experience with COVID-19 were influenced by the fear of the infection and isolation restrictions during hospitalization. Recurring themes across all groups were the fear of COVID-19 and death, importance of family in the healthcare process, difficulty in communication, and cremation viewed as necessary but not preferred.

Conclusion. A "good death" is perceived as a peaceful, prepared experience. The main barriers of a "good death' were the strict restrictions on physically comforting and communicating with patients. Video/voice calls and compassionate health care providers facilitated a better hospitalization experience. Careful study and focus on these factors can improve interventions for terminally ill patients to achieve a "good death" in the Filipino socio-cultural context.

Death ; COVID-19 ; Perception

Background: Oral azole drugs are a second-line option for the treatment of pityriasis versicolor but evidence on their efficacy and safety is unclear. Objectives. To determine the efficacy and safety of oral azoles in the treatment of patients with pityriasis Versicolor.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, and HERDIN, from inception to the period between January to February 2014. We did not restrict the search by language or publication status. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of oral azoles with placebo or no treatment, with topical agents, other oral azoles or dosing regimens in the treatment of pityriasis Versicolor, and that measured any of the pre-specified outcomes (mycologic cure, clinical cure, recurrence, duration to cure, time-to-cure, and quality of life). For adverse effects, we also included non-randomized studies (NRS). We used Cochrane methods to select studies, extract data, assess the risk of bias, pool studies, and calculate for treatment effects.

Results: We included 38 RCTs (n=2894) and 56 NRS (n=3452). Overall, there were few pooled studies and evidence was low to moderate quality. Oral azoles were more effective than placebo (mycologic cure, RR 11.34, 95% CI 4.90, 26.28; 3 RCTs, n=131; I2=0%; low quality of evidence) and as effective as topical agents (mycologic cure, RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.86, 1.21; 4 RCTs, n=232; I2=60%; moderate quality of evidence).There were few adverse effects and were mostly minor and transient.

Conclusions: Oral azoles may be more effective than placebo, and are probably as effective as topical agents in the treatment of PV. Triazoles are probably as effective as ketoconazole. Adverse effects were few, mostly minor, and transient.

Ketoconazole ; Itraconazole ; Fluconazole ; Tinea Versicolor ; Pityriasis ; Systematic Review ; Meta-analysis

Lucio phenomenon is a distinct necrotizing lepra reaction arising from diffuse lepromatous leprosy that may easily be mistaken for other systemic conditions. We report a 17-year old female admitted for a 4-year history of recurrent, extensive ulcerations with crusting and purulent discharge, involving the arms, legs, face, and back. Clinical presentation, slit skin smear and skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of Lucio phenomenon and treatment with multidrug therapy resulted in resolution of the ulcerations.

Human ; Leprosy

BACKGROUND: Erythema nodosum leprosum is an immune-mediated complication of leprosy whose underlying mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, making management difficult.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the serum cytokine profile of ENL compared to non-reactional leprosy states.

METHODS: An open literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, TRIP and HERDIN electronic databases using the keywords ("cytokines" or "inflammatory mediators") and ("erythema nodosum leprosum" or "ENL") and ("leprosy" or "lepra"). Studies were selected by two independent review authors. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS: Eight cross-sectional studies with 197 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that both serum IL-17 and serum IFN-? were significantly decreased (Z 2.39, p = 0.02 and Z 2.74, p = 0.01, respectively) in ENL compared to non-reactional states. However, for IL-1?, IL-6, IL-10, IL-22, TNF-? and TGF-?, no significant differences were found between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: ENL appears to be an exacerbation of the Th2 cytokine response seen in the lepromatous pole of leprosy. However, despite pooling of data, sample sizes remain small resulting in significant heterogeneity. Future studies involving large sample sizes and investigating a wider range of cytokines are encouraged.

Cytokines ; Leprosy

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the reliability and validity of a Filipino version of the Cardiff Acne Disability Index.
METHODS: In Phase 1, the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) was translated into Filipino as the Cardiff Indeks ng Kapansanan ng may Tigyawat (CIKT) following international guidelines on translation and cultural adaptation, and passed a cognitive debriefing test (a form of face validity testing). In Phase 2, the CIKT was administered to 400 public high school students (11-18 years old). Cronbach's ? was used to measure reliability while construct validity was determined by comparing 1) the CIKT scores of adolescents with acne and those without acne and 2) the CIKT scores with the scores of the Taluntunan ng Kalidad ng Buhay na Hinggil sa Dermatolohiya (TKBD), which is a validated Filipino version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index.
RESULTS: Cronbach's ? showed an adequate internal consistency of 0.7. The linear regression coefficient for those with and without acne was 0.98 (CI 0.59, 1.37) (p = 0.00) while the Spearman correlation showed a positive correlation between the CIKT and the TKBD (0.58, p=0.00), both indicating validity.
CONCLUSION: The CIKT is a reliable and valid Filipino translation of the CADI.

Acne Vulgaris ; Quality of Life ; Disability Evaluation

A 67-year-old female with acute myelogenous leukemia, presented with a two-week history of enlarging ecchymosis-like plaques with hemorrhagic bullae on the right forearm and anterior legs, associated with fever, pain, and swelling. Tissue cultures were persistently negative. Lesions progressed despite broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. Histopathology showed neutrophilic dermatitis, consistent with pyoderma gangrenosum. The patient was diagnosed with the bullous type. This type is rare with only two reported cases in the Philippines since 2011. Systemic glucocorticoids were given with note of dramatic improvement of the lesions. 
Human ; Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Background: Xerosis is one of the most common dermatologic complaints in the elderly. People in the tropics, including the Philippines, have effectively used coconut oil as a traditional moisturizer for centuries. Its film-forming qualities allow it to act as a skin moisturizer and as a protectant against moisture loss. To date, only one randomized clinical trial has proven the efficacy and safety of coconut oil as a skin moisturizer for xerosis. With the increasing number of VCO products in the market, this study aimed to validate the use of an indigenous agricultural product, virgin coconut oil, for senile xerosis. With its moisturizing, antioxidant, and antiseptic effects, VCO may be superior and more cost-effective compared to the frequently used synthetic mineral oil. Objective: This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil compared to mineral oil for the treatment of senile xerosis. Methods: This was a community-based assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial, which included elderly patients with mild to moderate senile xerosis of the legs. Participants were instructed to apply the test oil twice daily to the legs for 2 weeks. The following primary outcomes were measured at baseline and 2-weeks post treatment: skin dryness (over-all dry skin score, ODSS), skin hydration (corneometer readings), skin lipid content (sebumeter readings), and quality of life (Dermatology Life Quality Index). Secondary outcomes like patient-assessed clinical efficacy and adverse effects were also measured. Results: A total of 148 participants (59 males, 89 females) with mean age of 68 years (SD 6.02) were included in the study. Eighty-one (81) were assigned under the VCO group and 67 under the mineral oil group. There was a total of 25 dropouts, 7 in the virgin coconut oil group, and 18 in the mineral oil group. The distribution of the patients’ ODSS after treatment with VCO and mineral oil showed a trend towards improvement: 43% in the VCO group had no visible signs of leg xerosis versus 22.4% in the mineral oil group. The proportion of participants with>1 point decrease in ODSS, was statistically greater in the VCO group at 74% (60/81) compared to the mineral oil group, 34% (23/67) (p<0.0001). VCO showed significantly greater skin hydration at 74% (60/81) as compared to 46% (31/67) in the mineral oil group (p<0.0010). Improvement in the skin lipid content using the sebumeter showed 82.7% (67/81) in the VCO group compared to 61.2% (41/67) in the mineral oil group (p=0.6591). Moreover, the patients’ perceived efficacy of the oil applied on their skin was 29.6% (24/81) in the VCO group compared to 5.9% (4/67) in the mineral oil group (p=0.0030). Baseline DLQI scores showed no significant difference in the assessed quality of life of the patients between the two treatments (p=0.0161).Over all, the VCO group showed 32.1% (26/81) treatment success compared to 8.9% (6/67) in the mineral oil group (p=0.004614). Adverse events in the 2 groups were all mild and transient with 8% (6/74) patients in the VCO group and 26.5% (13/49) in the mineral oil group (p=0.089). Conclusion Among elderly patients with mild to moderate xerosis, 2-week topical application of VCO was superior to mineral oil in the immediate improvement of leg xerosis based on primary outcome measures of the Over-all Dry Skin Score (ODSS), corneometer, sebumeter readings, and the Dermatology Life Quality Index.
Coconut Oil ; Mineral Oil