The sphincteric segment of the common biie duct is observed with EROI on 102 normal Chinese subjects. The findings of 15 cases from the 102 are com- pared on 2 successive films to observe the dynamic changes. The average width of this part is 5.41?1.32mm, and the average length l2 ? 3.67mm. The shape of this segment can be divided into 4 types:small tubular type, reverted calabash type, reverted conical type and suspended cavity type. The length and width of this segment are changeable in different phase of filling. Suggestion: the radiologists must be familiar with the normal variations of this segment in order to improve their diagnostic accuracy of the disorders of the lower end of the common bile duct.

Objective To improve the diagnosis to the cause of pyeloureteric junction(PUJ) obstruction.Methods We carried out intravenous urography(IVU) exam in 22 cases and pyelography exam through percutaneous trans-renal puncture in 6 cases.Among them,15 cases had also received retrograde urography(RGU)exam.Results Among the 23 cases,12 cases were of stenosis,4 cases were of vagrant vessel,3 cases were of fibrous band,2 cases were of high-positioned ureter,1 case was of ureteric valve and 1 case was of viviparous remains texture.The above results were attested by operation.Conclusion IVE,RGU and percutaneous trans-renal puncture pyelography are the most commonly used and most efficient ways to the diagnosis of PUJ obstruction.They can help diagnosis the causes of some PUJ obstruction.

Objective To study CT manifestations of the malignant pleural mesothelioma(MPM) in rat.Methods 100 Wistar rats in the test group were injected with asbestos fibrous mixed fluid into closed right chest cavity 20 mg/ml one per month,the overall volume of asbestos was 40 mg,19 rats in the control group were injected with sterilized saline water of 1 ml per time,totally 2 ml as the same way.Dying or died rats were undergone CT scanning and pathologic examination,the experiment lasted for 2 years.Results In experimental group,there were 66 rats of MPM,14 cases of pleural hyperplasia and 12 cases without pleural change.There were 4 cases of pleural hyperplasia,10 cases without pleural change and no one of MPM in the control group.According to pathologic changes,they were divide into 66 cases of MPM,26 cases of non-MPM in the experimental rats and 14 cases of non-MPM in the control group.The occurrence rate,morphology and thickness of pleural thickening were significant among MPM group,non-MPM group and the control group.The specificity of nodular pleural thickening was 100%.The mean CT number of pleural thickening had no significance.The occurrence rate of masses of MPM in the chest cavity was 94.5%.The masses included tumors,abcesses or encapsulated effusion,the masses of MPM accounted for 62.5%.The mediastinal changes included irregular widening mediastinum,mediastinal pleural changes and masses and so on.But irregular widening mediastinum and adjacent invasion were more common and specified signs.Enlarge lymph nodes were not seen.Conclusion There were some specific CT signs in induced MPM.

Objective To obtain the normal image and sectional anatomical data of the oculomotor nerve and its related arteries with MRI and plastination. Methods The optimal angles and the length of intracisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve were measured on multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) images. Meanwhile, the relationship between the nerve and the basilar artery(BA), posterior cerebral artery(PCA), superior cerebellar artery(SCA) and posterior communicating artery(PCoA) were observed from the plastination slices, the original images, MPR and maximum intensity projections (MIP) images. Results MRI revealed the similar result corresponding to the plastination section in displaying the oculomotor nerve and its related arteries. The length of the intracisternal segment of the nerve was (14 4?2 15) mm and it formed an angle of (69.68?7.15)?with the posterior plane of the brain stem. The angle between the oculomotor nerve and the median sagittal plane was (24 44?4 64)?on the left and (24.44?5.06)?on the right. Shift of the BA was more likely found in aged individuals. Most of the PCA and SCA were close to the nerve,and a few of them compressed it, as for the PCoA, only the embryonic type was close to or compressed the nerve. Conclusion MRI is an accurate imaging technique for determination of the syntopy of the oculomotor nerve to its related arteries.

Objective To study relation between tumor blood vessels around hepatocellular carcinomas and metastases and try to find out probability to predict potential metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas according to CT manifestation.Methods Both CT plain scans and dynamic contrast scans were taken in 134 cases of patients with hepatocellular carcinomas.The tumor blood vessels around and in cancers were counted.CT appearances,pathology results and patient follow-up were compared and analyzed.Results 1.The possibilty to happen metastases was much higher in carcinomas with heavy enhancement than that with gently or middle.2.Those with tumor blood vessel around neoplasm were greater metastasis rate than those without them.3.The enhancement degree in tumor border is positive correlation with blood count.Conclusion The latent metastases can be estimated according to the enhancing degree and tumor blood vessels around carcinomas.

Objective To study the characteristics of satellite nodules of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the treatment methods by transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods Forty one cases of massive HCC and single nodular HCC proved by pathology underwent the examination of spiral CT and angiography for observing the characteristics of satellite nodules. All the patients were treated by TACE and the results were analyzed. Results The satellite nodules were found in 17 out of 41 cases by CT and/or angiology of which 10 were hypervascular and 7 hypovascular. The satellite nodules located within 1 cm from the margin of the main HCC in 11 out of 17 cases. In the treatment of TACE, the tip of catheter was located on the proximal end of feeding artery of tumor so that the embolization area included the area of satellite nodules. After 6-19 months follow up, 5 patients were complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) in 17 cases but no progressive patients were found. Conclusion The satellite nodules extensively exist in HCC and can be effectively treated using reasonable methods.

Objective To evaluate the role of CT in the diagnosis of the primary carcinoma of the duodenum.Methods CT findings of 15 patients with primary carcinoma of the duodenum(12 adenocarcinoma,3 carcinoid)underwent surgical treatment or biopsy were reviewed.Results 9/12 of adenocarcinomas were shown as local soft tissues masses;6/12 of adenocarcinomas manifested as ductal wall irregular or circular thickening;3/12 of adenocarcinomas were shown as local soft tissues masses accompanied with deformation and constriction of duodenum.Cholangiectasis,metastasis of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and liver were also founded.CT cannot difference adenocarcinoma with carcinoid.After enhancement,the masses were manifested as mild or intermediate enhancement in the early stage and they did not show obviously enhancement in the delay or portal stage.Conclusion CT play an important role in both the localization and qualitative diagnosis of the primary carcinoma of duodenum,but it is difficult to difference adenocarcinoma with carcinoid.

Objective: Overexpression of the HER2/neu oncogene is a frequent molecular event in multiple human cancers. Being a cancer antigen, p185 erbB2 is an ideal target for immunotherapy. In order to decrease the immunogenicity of mouse anti-p185 erbB2 monoclonal antibody in human cancer therapy, we constructed the eukaryotic expression vector of anti-p185 erbB2 chimeric monoclonal antibody and verified expression of the chimeric antibody in CHO-dhfr - cell. Methods: The variable regions of light chain and heavy chain were amplified with RT-PCR and inserted into the chimeric antibody vector pWSD2. After CHO-dhfr - cells were transfected with recombination plasmid by lipofectAMINE, the chimeric antibody expressing level was identified with RT-PCR, indirect-ELISA, and Western blot. The specificity of the anti-p185 erbB2 chimeric antibody was testified with ELISA assay and immunoprecipitation. Moreover, the effects of chimeric antibody on the proliferation of breast cancer cell line SKBR3, which is overexpressing p185 erbB2 , were measured with MTT assay in vitro. Results: The anti-p185 erbB2 chimeric antibody eukaryotic expression vector was constructed successfully and the expression of the chimeric antibody in CHO-dhfr - was verified by RT-PCR, indirect-ELISA, and Western blot. ELISA assay showed that chimeric antibody reacted with cells overexpressing p185 erbB2 specifically, but did not react with that non-overexpressing p185 erbB2 . Immunoprecipitation test confirmed that the chimeric antibody could bind to p185 erbB2 specifically. The MTT assay demonstrated that the chimeric antibody could inhibit the growth of SKBR3 cells overexpressing p185 erbB2 . Conclusion: The anti-p185 erbB2 mouse/human chimeric antibody that was expressed in CHO-dhfr - cells can bind to p185 erbB2 specifically and inhibit proliferation of SKBR3 cells overexpressing p185 erbB2 . It has a potential application in biotherapy of cancer.

Objective To study the thin sectional anatomy and CT and MR imaging of ligamentous structures of foramen magnum (FM).Methods Six formalin fixed (10%) specimens including head and neck were selected, and each specimen was imaged with CT and MR. Three specimens were sectioned with frozen section technique, the others were sectioned with plastination. Ligamentous structures of FM on continuous thin sections were observed and compared with the images of CT and MRI.Results Continuous sections of 3.0 mm slice thickness for the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes of FM sectioned with frozen section technique were obtained.Continuous thin sections of 1mm slice thickness for the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes of FM sectioned with plastination were obtained. The resulting sections demonstrated excellent distinction of ligamentous structures of FM (including ligamentum alare, ligamentum transversum, membrana tectoria, anterior obturator membrane of atlas, posterior obturator membrane of atlas, and anterior atlanto-axial ligament). A good overall correlation between sections and images of CT and MR was found.Conclusions In combination with CT and MRI, continuous thin sections of FM offers a better understanding of ligamentous structures of FM.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of the oral contrast-enhanced three-dimensional spiral CT cholangiography to display better the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Methods Before spiral CT scanning, the preparation was similar to the conventional X-ray oral cholecystography. The collected parameters included 3-5 mm slice, 1 or 1.5 pitch, 120 kV, 220-250 mAs, and 1 mm reconstruction image. Volume rendering was used to construct the 3D bile duct images. Results In the 20 patients without serious biliary obstruction, oral three-dimensional CT cholangiography displayed the grade Ⅰ branch of hepatic ducts clearly and the displaying rate was 100%. The displaying of the grade Ⅱ branch of hepatic ducts was not good enough and the rate was 60%. The grade Ⅲ branch of hepatic ducts could not be displayed. Conclusion As the substitute and supplement of invasive ERCP, spiral CT 3D cholangiography is safe, simple, painless, and non-invasive. Furthermore, spiral CT 3D cholangiography can display the space structure of bile duct tree more clearly than ERCP. This technique is of great clinical value.