Objective:To summarize the current policies and measures in curbing health corruption in China, and to evaluate the implementation results of these policies and measures.Methods:We made a systematic review to search and screen the literatures, with related thematic information extracted, compared and classified to form an integrated view by the data integration method of thematic synthesis.Results:A total of 147 literatures were included, covering such health policies and measures as the basic drug system, the centralized bidding and purchasing and centralized drug purchasing, the " two-invoice system" , hospital information disclosure system, adverse records of commercial bribery, doctor′s virtue evaluation system and no bribery agreement. These five policies and measures prove effective in curbing the corruption, but some types of corruption tend to evade such restrictions.Conclusions:The five types of policy measures summarized in the study have effectively curbed the high risk exposure of corruptions found in drugs, medical consumables and medical devices, and also guided and restrained the profit-oriented behaviors of the behavior subjects. Stronger measures should be integrated into a broader reform of the healthcare system, in combination with institutional compensation and operational mechanism reform, medical personnel compensation and incentive system, and modern pluralistic governance reform. Meanwhile, studies in the field of corruption need to focus on the direct and indirect effects of multi-level medical reform policies on corruption governance from an integrated perspective, while attention needs to cover more types of corruption behaviors, and to diversify research methods, so as to provide more practical policy support.

Objective The properties of anthocyanins in Suaeda heteroptera Kitag.were investigated.Methods Properties of the extract were determined via spectral absorption,physco-chemical analyses.Results Spectrogram results showed that the red pigment was classified to anthocyanins.The color properties of the pigment were similar to plant anthocyanins and pH changes could affect the tone of the color.The pigment was soluble in water,alcohol;slightly soluble in acetone;and insoluble in petroleum ether.Under natural light,degradation of the pigment could be accelerated.High temperature was disadvantage to the pigment stability.Redox stability was very low.Fe~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cu~(2+) and Mn~(2+) did not significant affect the tone of the color.Conclusion The pigment from Suaeda heteroptera Kitag.is water-soluble anthocyanins,and may be important nature edible pigment resource.

Objective To explore the correlation between adiponectin/leptin(A/L) ratio and metabolic syndrome diagnosis in elderly men. Methods A total of 256 elderly men (≥60 years) were enrolled and divided into metabolic syndrome group(n= 109) and non metabolic syndrome group (n= 147). Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the A/L ratio was calculated. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis is based on the definition provided by China Diabetes Society (CDS) in 2004. Results (1) In metabolic syndrome group versus non metabolic syndrome group, the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were (10. 3±7.0) vs (6.8±4.9)μg/L and(7.8±5.6)g/L vs (9.5±5.9)g/L, and A/L ratio was 0. 94±0. 78 vs 2.15±2.13 respectively. (2) A/L ratio was positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), triacylglycerol (TG) and serum uric acid(P< 0. 001). (3) The higher value of A/L ratio, the lower possibility of metabolic syndrome. When the A/L ratio was more than 5, the incidence of metabolic syndrome was decreased to O(X2 =34. 891 ,P< 0.001). (4) The more components of metabolic abnormality, the lower value of A/L ratio(F= 10. 876,P<0. 001). Conclusions The A/L ratio may be useful in evaluating the extent of metabolic disorder and diagnosing metabolic syndrome in elderly men.

Objective To discuss the possible enteric nervous pathogenesis in gastritis related GI motor disorders on the expression changes of protein gene product9. 5 in neurons from the gastric walls of gastritis rat model. Methods 35 clean grade Wister rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, which included gastritis group A (n =10), gastritis group B(n =15) and control group(n =10). Rats in gastritis group A and B received gastric perfusion of HP and the mixture of 2% aspirin and 0. 6N hydrochloric acid respectively. The control group only received gastric perfusion of saline. All of the rats were killed and the gastric mucosal tissues were obtained for the pathological and HP examination. After immunohistochemical pretreatment, the tissues were stained with PGP9. 5 and at the same time the maximum diameter (Dmax, μm), mean area(μm2) and mean optical density (nm) of the neurons from the gastric walls were compared among the groups with Image-Pro Plus professional image analysis system. Results In gastric group A, HP could be found sparsely in the mucous layer or gastric pits, and all of the rapid urease tests were positive. In the other two groups, HP could not be found, and all of the rapid urease tests were negarive. In both gastric group A and B, different grades of inflammatory cell infiltration with active inflammation signs could be found in the deep layers of mucosa, while the control group was normal. The expression mean area, mean optical density of neurons from the gastric wall of rat in group A[(77. 10 ±48. 46) μm2, (53. 25 ±41.40) nm] or B [(73. 92 ± 39. 60) μm2, (45.33 ± 33.20) nm] was obvious lower than control group [(143.51 ± 29. 84) μm2, (85. 00 ± 14. 32) nm], while there was no significant difference between gastric group A and B (P ＞0. 05) (table 1). Conclusions Hp and NSAIDs might cause gastritis and decrease the PGP9. 5 expression of Neurous from gastric walls. The decrease of PGP9. 5 expression of neurons from the gastric wall might contribute to the pathogenesis of GI motor disorders or symptoms of functional dyspepsia.

Objective To systematically analyze and assess the risk of venous thromboembolism in the patients with rheuma‐toid arthritis(RA) .Methods The related literatures on the venous thromboembolism occurrence in the patients with RA published at home and abroad were performed the electronic retrieval .The obtained data were analyzed by adopting the RevMan5 .1 software . The data unable to merge were analyzed by adopting the descriptive analysis method .Results A total of 10 related papers were in‐cluded .The 3 indicators of venous thromboembolism occurrence rate ,deep vein thrombosis occurrence rate and pulmonary thrombo‐embolism occurrence rate were performed the meta analysis .The RR and 95% CI of the occurrence rates of venous thromboembo‐lism ,deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism were 2 .00(1 .71 ,2 .33) ,2 .31(1 .84 ,2 .90) ,2 .25(2 .23 ,2 .28) respec‐tively .Conclusion The risk degree of venous thromboembolism occurrence in the RA patients is higher than that in the non‐RA pa‐tients .

OBJECTIVE:To provide new identification method for processed medicinal material Chinese polyphaga(Eupolyph-aga sinensis,Steleophaga plancyi) and their adulterants by establishing molecular identification method based on Cytb genes. METHODS:The total DNA of Chinese polyphaga and their adulterants was extracted using modified saturation sodium chloride method. The Cytb genes of all samples were amplified with PCR using general primers REVCB2H and REVCBJ. The phylogenetic tree of all samples was constructed with Neighbor-Joining(NJ)method using MEGA 5.1 software. The sequences of the Cytb gene of all sampled were compared by using DNAMAN sofetware. The difference between genuine product and their adulterants were analyzed,and the specific primers Esin-F and Esin-R were designed for molecular identification in different regions. RESULTS:DNA extracted from processed medicinal insects was successful to amplify Cytb gene segments. The phylogenetic tree of all sam-ples was consistent with their genetic relationship. A fragment was amplified only from genuine product but not from other adulter-ants with the designed specific primers Esin-F and Esin-R. CONCLUSIONS:DNA extraction method from processed Chinese polyphaga and their adulterants have been established. Designed specific primers are highly specific to genuine product Chinese polyphaga,and can be used for the identification of Chinese polyphaga and their adulterants.

Objective To predict and identify T cell epitopes of major group 3 allergen derived from Dermatophagoides fari-na(Der f 3). Methods The T cell epitopes of Der f 3 were analyzed through the sequence analysis by using the bioinformatics online tools. The five predicted peptides of T-cell epitopes were artificially synthesized. The spleen lymphocytes were co-cultured with the five T cell epitopes by using the modified MTT method and the levels of IL-2,IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-5 in the supernatant of the cultures were detected by ELISA. Results Five T cell epitopes of Der f 3 were predicted and three of which could pro-mote the proliferation of the mouse spleen lymphocytes. The secretions of IL-2 and IFN-γwere significantly induced and the se-cretions of IL-4 and IL-5 were significantly decreased by three of five prediction epitopes of Der f 3:37GDCPYQISLQSSSHFC-GG54,98IYQHENYDSMTIDNDVALIKLKTPMT123 and 164SELQRVDIDVVSREQCDQLYS184. Conclusion Three T cell epitopes of Der f 3 have been initially identified,which lays the foundation of the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.

This article was aimed to study the protection effects of Pa-Bing Formula No. 2 (PBFN-2) on neurons of substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease (PD) rats models in order to explore the possible mechanism of PBFN-2 in PD treatment. Rats were stereotaxically injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) solution into the left stria-tum in two-site. Rat showed consistent right whirling and the number of rotation was more than 7 r·min-1 induced by APO in 30 min, then the rat was judged as PD model. A total of 14 rats modeled successfully were randomly di-vided into the model group and the treatment group. At the same time, the normal group and sham operation group were also established. Same volume of distilled water was given to the normal group, sham operation group and the model group. PBFN-2 (32.0 g·kg-1) was given to the treatment group for 4 weeks. Microscope was used to observe pathological changes of substantia nigra by nissl stain and changes of TH, Nrf2 and HO-1 immunohistochemical stain. The results showed that compared with the normal group, the nissl bodies were badly injured. Expressions of TH-positive cells were obviously reduced (P<0.01). The expression of Nrf2 nucleus protein and HO-1 protein were obviously increased in substantia nigra of PD rats in model group (P<0.01). Compared to the model group, PBFN-2 effectively increased nissl bodies in neuronal cells of substantia nigra of PD rats, and elevated the number of TH-immunoreactive cells in substantia nigra (P<0.05). The expressions of Nrf2 nucleus protein, HO-1 protein were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). It was concluded that PBFN-2 had an obvious neuroprotection on the neuronal cells in substantia nigra of PD rats induced by 6-OHDA. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with regu-lation of Nrf2 nucleus protein and HO-1 protein expressions.

A method for the analysis of five types of triphenylmethane dye residues in water was developed by using solid phase extraction ( SPE) combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry ( UPLC-MS/MS/MS ) . The water samples were extracted and cleaned with mixed-mode cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges ( MCX) . The UPLC separation was performed on a C18 column with a linear gradient elution program of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L aqueous ammonium acetate ( containing 0. 02% formic acid) as mobile phase. Triphenylmethane dye residues were analyzed by mass spectrometry under an electrospray ionization interface ( ESI ) in positive ion mode with MRM-IDA-EPI mode. The calibration curves of five types of triphenylmethane dyes were linear in the range of 0. 02-20 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients were not less than 0. 998. The recoveries at spiked levels of 5 , 10 and 20 μg/L were in the range of 70 . 9%-101%, and the RSDs were 3 . 4%-11 . 9% ( n=6 ) . The limit of detection and quantification were 0. 42-2. 18 ng/L and 1. 68-8. 73 ng/L, respectively. The method was performed as sensitive and accurate, and also suitable for simultaneous determination of five types of triphenylmethane dye residues in water.

Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Logistic Models ; Risk Factors