Images of the concepts of “International Health” and “International Nursing” may differ among countries. In this study, we examined the images of these concepts among 49 Fijian students, 85 Taiwanese students, and 377 Japanese students by self-administered questionnaire between 2007 and 2008. Full usable responses were received from 45 (91.8%) Fijian students, 69 (80.0%) Taiwanese students, and 352 (93.4%) Japanese students.
The results were as follows.
Ninety six percent of Japanese nursing students, 89% of Japanese medical students, 77% of Japanese student from four other faculties, 58% of Fijian students, and 26% of Taiwanese students reported their image of “International Health” to entail “Hygiene in developing countries”.
Ninety-two percent of Japanese nursing students, 92% of Japanese medical students, 40% of Fijian students, and 35% of Taiwanese students reported their image of “International Nursing” to entail “Nursing cooperation in developing countries”.
The images of “International Health” and “International Nursing” among the Fijian and Taiwanese students were of“Public health and nursing for foreigners living in Fiji or Taiwan”, and “Public health and nursing skills, and advanced medical systems in Westerns countries”. Most students in the three countries had a strong interest in-International Health and Nursing”.
Increasing chance of taking international information and knowledge of Japanese college students may influence the result of this study. Education and rearing students who will work in the field of international health was considered very important.

Objective To determinate the antibacterial activity of linezolid and clindamycin agents of clinical methicillin -resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus ( MRSA ) in vitro.Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) and minimum bactericidal concentration ( MBC ) of antibacterial agents were determined by the micro broth dilution method . Results The linezolid inhibition rate was 100%when the concentration was 2 μg · mL-1 , but clindamycin concentration was 32 μg · mL-1 . The MIC range of linezolid for MRSA was 0.25 ~2.00 μg · mL-1 , MIC50 was 1 μg · mL -1 , MIC90 was 2 μg · mL-1 , MBC50 was 8 μg· mL-1 , MBC90 was 16 μg· mL -1.The MIC range of clindamycin for MRSA was 0.25 ~32.00 μg · mL-1 , MIC50 was 16 μg · mL-1 , MIC90 was 32 μg · mL-1 , MBC50 was 32 μg · mL-1 , MBC90 was >64 μg· mL-1.Conclusion Clindamycin in the treatment of MRSA infection or suspected MRSA infection must depend on drug sensi-tivity test results.Linezolid in the treatment of MRSA infection or suspec-ted MRSA infection has higher reliability .

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of portaazygous disconnection (PAD), portacaval shunt (PCS) and distal splenocaval shunt (DSCS) on the portosytemic shunting (PSS), hepatic function (HF), hepatic mitochondrial respiratory function (HMRF), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and arterial ketone body ratio (KBR) in order to provide a sound basis for selecting suitable operations for patients.

METHODSUsing a cirrhotic portal hypertensive model induced by CCl4/ethanol in Wistar rats, the PSS, HF, HMRF, OGTT and KBR were determined three weeks after PCS, DSCS and PAD.

RESULTSIt was revealed that: (1) In the cirrhotic portal hypertension rats, the PSS increased significantly, HMRF and hepatic reserve function (HRF) decreased significantly when compared with the control rats. (2) At the time of first postoperative week, the mean blood glucose value in the 120-minute OGTT in each PAD, PCS and DSCS groups had significant differences compared with the cirrhotic control group. But during the second and third postoperative weeks, the mean blood glucose values in the 120-minute OGTT in both PAD and DSCS groups had no significant differences compared with the cirrhotic control group except for the PCS group. The values of KBR in the three operative groups decreased significantly compared with the cirrhotic control group during the two postoperative weeks. In the third postoperative week, only the values of KBR in the PCS group had a significant difference compared with the cirrhotic control group. (3) After PCS, the PSS was further increased; HF and HMRF were significantly decreased. Little improvement was found in the third postoperative week. (4) After DSCS and PAD, the above mentioned indices were less influenced, and they were restored more quickly than those in the PCS group.

CONCLUSIONWe found that PAD and DSCS are more desirable than PCS.

Animals ; Hypertension, Portal ; etiology ; surgery ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; complications ; surgery ; Portacaval Shunt, Surgical ; Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE：To study the enhancement effect of dipentene in the transdermal absorption of tinidazole.METHODS:In vitro,by means of traditional method to compare the enhancement effect of dipentene with azone at difference concentrations in the transdermal absorption of tinidazole.RESULTS:andCONCLUSION:It was showed that various concentrations of transdermal enhancers could promote absorption of tinidazole in different degrees and 4% Azone and 3%dipentene were the most effective.

Fibrosis is a repair response initiated by tissues and organs after injury, and is a self-protection mechanism of the body. It has been found that endothelium-to-interstitial transdifferentiation (EndMT) is involved in the physiological and pathological processes of various organ fibrosis, which has become a focus of the research on fibrotic diseases. In recent years, the study has found that EndMT plays an important role in many pathological processes in cardiovascular system, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas fibrosis, and so on. This article summarizes EndMT regulatory mechanism and its role in each organ fibrosis, as well as the related treatment progress of EndMT targets, so as to provide new targets for prevention and control of organ fibrosis.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; genetics ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; methods ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; SMN Complex Proteins ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood ; diagnosis ; genetics

Radix Isatidis (Banlangen in Chinese) is a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) herb, and is frequently used for treating influenza. However, the current quality control method for Radix Isatidis should be developed since it has little correlation to the pharmacodynamic action. In this paper, the in vitro inhibitory action of Radix Isatidis on neuraminidase (NA) was investigated by fluorometric assay with 4-methylumbelliferyl-D-N-acetylneuraminate (FL-MU-NANA) method. Based on the method, the experimental condition was optimized and a bioassay statistic method was established according to the reaction type and the regularity of "parallel lines of qualitative effect". Then the bioassay method of Radix Isatidis was established. This study indicated that Radix Isatidis had obvious in vitro inhibitory activity on NA with IC50 = (0.90 +/- 0.20) mg x mL(-1) (herb). The correlation between logarithmic dose and reaction rate showed an "S" shape--is quite similar to Tamiflu's reaction curve, which hinted that Radix Isatidis had the same inhibitory function on NA as Tamiflu. The established bioassay method of "parallel lines of qualitative effect" had a good reproducibility (RSD = 5.78%). The results of potency determination of Radix Isatidis were reliable (reliability test: deviation from straight line P > 0.05, deviation from parallel line P > 0.05) and well regular. As a conclusion, this bioassay method is suitable to control and evaluate the quality of Radix Isatidis.
Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Biological Assay ; Cell Line ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Influenza A virus ; enzymology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Isatis ; chemistry ; Kidney ; cytology ; enzymology ; virology ; Neuraminidase ; metabolism ; Oseltamivir ; pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Structure-Activity Relationship

Objective To investigate the tribology characteristics of two ceramic materials in vitro:feldspathic glass-ceramic (veneer porcelain) and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (heat-pressed ceramic),and to evaluate the wear resistance of different ceramic materials from the dynamic chewing perspective.Methods Wear tests were performed in simulated oral environment with stainless steel ball antagonists(r =3 mm),veneer porcelain (CERAMCO 3) and heat-pressed ceramic (IPS e.max Press HT type) in the chewing simulator.The tribological tests were carried out under artificial saliva lubrication condition in room temperature with a vertical load of 10 N for 1.2 × 106 cycles(f=1.5 Hz,uniform circular motion,revolving speed =90 r/min,radius =0.5 mm).The wear volumes were measured using threedimensional profiling,and surface microscopic morphology were observed using scanning electron microscopy at time point of 200 000,400 000,600 000,800 000,1 000 000,and 1 200 000 cycles.Results In a simulated oral environment,the wear rates of veneer porcelain were (0.001 20 ±0.00 018),(0.000 10 ±0.000 03),(0.000 50 ± 0.000 05),(0.000 10 ±0.000 02),(0.004 10 ±0.000 38),and (0.019 00 ±0.003 53) (× 10-4 mm3/cycles) at 200 000,400 000,600 000,800 000,1 000 000,1 200 000cycles.The wear rates of heat-pressed ceramic were (0.139 50 ± 0.030 94),(0.124 40 ± 0.031 20),(0.054 80 ± 0.005 38),(0.038 80 ± 0.006 10),(0.011 10 ± 0.003 75),(0.198 90 ± 0.045 80) (× 10-4mm3/cycles) at 200 000,400 000,600 000,800 000,1 000 000,1 200 000 cycles.Three stages were observed in the wear loss process of the two materials:running-in stage,steady wear stage and severe wear stage.In running-in and steady wear stage,the shallow wear tracks of veneer porcelain were produced by the fatigue effect.While in severe wear stage,the wear tracks turned into ploughing.In running-in stage,the surface of heat-pressed ceramic was characterized by dense and shallow ploughing.In steady wear stage,the wear tracks turned into flake peeling produced by fatigue effect.At last,the whole layer was worn off by the effects of ploughing.Conclusions In a simulated oral environment,the wear rate and wear loss of heatpressed ceramic are greater than that of veneer porcelain.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) have elevated levels of activated myeloid-derived leukocytes as a source of inflammatory cytokines. The selective depletion of these leukocytes by adsorptive granulocyte/monocyte apheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn should alleviate inflammation, promote remission and enhance drug efficacy. However, studies have reported contrasting efficacy outcomes based on patients’ baseline demographic variables. This study was undertaken to understand the demographic features of GMA responders and nonresponders. METHODS: This was a multicenter study in China involving four institutions and 34 patients with active UC. Baseline conventional medications were continued without changing the dosage. The treatment efficacy was evaluated based on the endoscopic activity index and the Mayo score. RESULTS: Thirty of the 34 patients completed all 10 GMA treatment sessions. The overall efficacy rate was 70.59%. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve was approximately 0.766 for a Mayo score of ≤5.5 with 0.273 specificity and 0.857 sensitivity (Youden index, 0.584) for GMA responders. No GMA-related serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The overall efficacy of GMA in patients with active UC who were taking first-line medications or were corticosteroid refractory was encouraging. Additionally, GMA was well tolerated and had a good safety profile.
Blood Component Removal* ; China* ; Colitis, Ulcerative* ; Cytokines ; Granulocytes* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leukocytes ; Monocytes* ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Treatment Outcome ; Ulcer*