Introduction. Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is histologically defined as the presence of a metastasis of lymph node without detection of the primary tumor [1]. Approximately 3–15% of all cancers are designated as CUP [3. 4]. The diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients with laterocervical metastases of unknown primary involves a wide range of oncologic entities [5]. While we were studying patho-histological examination of cervical lymphadenopathy in Mongolian, werevealed unknown primary tumor. This is a goal of our study. Objectives of study are followings to differentiate whether primary lymphoma or metastatic cancer of cervical lymph node metastasis of unknown primary tumor and to reveal primitive origin of tumor using by basic and additional immunohistochemical markers.Goal.To determine the conclusive diagnosis in cervical lymph node metastasis of unknown primary origin by immunohistochemical techniqueMaterials and Methods. In this study, we examined immunohistochemically 30 cases of outpatient head and neck surgical unit of the National Cancer Center and dentistry and oral maxillofacial surgical unit of the State Central Hospital which were diagnosed as cervical lymphadenopathy. For immunohistochemical study, we applied an immunohistochemical panel in accordance with avidinbiotin- peroxidase complex method and used a basic and additional antibodies represented by CK(pancytokeratin), LCA, synaptophysin, chromogranin and HMB45. Result. In our study, there was 63.3% lymphoma, 36.7% metastatic cancer. Among them, there were 4 of digestive tract adenocarcinoma, 3 of squamous cell carcinoma /2-esophagus, 1-nasopharyngeal/, 2 of neuroendocrine tumor and 1 of melanoma.Distribution by age groups shows that 20-29 years were 4(13.3%), 30-39 years were 10 (33.3%), 40-49 years were 8 (26.7%), 50-59 years were 3 (10%), over60 years were 5 (16.7%). Gender distribution showed an increased incidence of males (56.7%, 17 cases) compared with females (43.3%, 13 cases).Conclusion: In our study, B cell lymphoma and digestive tract adenocarcinoma were the most common. In further, it is necessary to introduce an immunohistochemical method in patho-histological practice.

BACKGROUND. The Mongolian traditional medicine Anar-5 is excellent for weak digestion and helps with stomach irritation, loss of appetite, and resulting body weakness. Anar-5 blends punicagranatum, cinnamomum cassia presl, piper longum, cardamom and alpiniaofficinarum. We are establish an experimental animal of chronic gastritis to investigate the effect of traditional medicine Anar-5 on rats gastric mucosa. Methods: In this study, the protective effect preparation in sixty five healthy, male wistar rats were treated with intragastric administration of ammonia water 0.1%. To rats in three experiments for 2 week, 4 week, and 6wk, gastric tissues were examined histopathologically for atrophic changes and blood’s gastrin produced by preparation treatment. Results: After the treatment of animals blood’s gastrin was significantly different from that in control group (p<0.05), and the gastric mucosal inflammation was infiltration of inflammatory cells, decreased thickness of lamina propria. Conclusion: Treatment with preparation from Anar-5 protectived by the chronic gastritis and gastric atrophy.

Background: The corneal endothelium, the innermost layer of the cornea, is composed of hexagonal cells that maintain corneal transparency and provide essential nutrients to the stroma. These cells play a critical role in preserving visual acu ity. Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells do not regenerate, and their density progressively declines with age, accompanied by morphological alterations. Given the individual variability in corneal thickness and endothelial morphology, establishing normative reference values is crucial for diagnosing corneal diseases, planning corneal trans plantation, and optimizing surgical strategies for cataract surgery. However, there is a scarcity of data regarding central corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, and cell morphology among Mongolian adults. This knowledge gap provided the rationale for the present study. Aim: To study the central corneal thickness and endothelial cell morphology in Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using an analytical cross-sectional design. A total of 198 individuals aged 20 to 79 years were randomly selected, and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed. Corneal pa rameters—including central corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, mean cell area, coefficient of variation of cell size, and the percentage of hexagonal cells—were quantitatively assessed using a non-contact specular microscope. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Approval No. 2024/3-06), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 48.4±14.5 years, with 48.9% (n=97) being male and 51.1% (n=101) female. In the central cornea, the mean endothelial cell density (ECD) was 2857.14±291.49 cells/mm², the mean central corneal thickness (CCT) was 526.25±33.67 µm, the mean cell area was 335.11±37.82 µm², the percentage of hexagonal cells was 64.81±3.94%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) in cell size was 0.31±0.04. With increasing age, both ECD and the percentage of hexagonal cells showed a statistically significant decline, while the mean cell area and CV demon strated a significant inverse correlation (P=0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed in corneal thick ness or endothelial morphometric parameters between the right and left eyes or between sexes. Among the Mongolian adults, the endothelial cell density decreases by approximately 0.3% annually (r=0.2107, p<0.0001). Conclusion 1. The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) in adult Mongolian individuals was 526.25±33.67 μm, which is compa rable to reported averages from other populations. However, the mean endothelial cell density (ECD) was relatively higher, measured at 2857.14±291.49 cells/mm². 2. With advancing age, a progressive decline in central endothelial cell density and the proportion of hexagonal cells was observed, whereas the coefficient of variation (CV) in cell size and the mean cell area showed a corresponding increase

Background: Infectious keratitis is a disease caused by inflammation, infection, and other ocular damage to the outer and other deep layers of corneal epithelium. It is a major cause of monocular blindness and visual disability worldwide regardless of age and gender. Therefore, we aimed to determine the clinical features and risk factors of infectious keratitis among Mongolians and to identify the causative microorganism and compared them with the treatment results. Methods: We collected the data of 149 patients who diagnosed as infectious keratitis at the Ophthalmology Department of the First State Central Hospital in 2017-2020 and using a case series model of descriptive study. Statistical analysis was calculated using Stata14 software. Results: The majority of patients in our study were male, with a male-to-female ratio is 2.1:1. The cause of infectious keratitis were categorized and eye injury-induced keratitis accounted for the highest percentage of 38.3% (n=57), with the majority being men 73.7% (n=42) (p=0.028). As for the type of treatment, antibacterial drugs 103 (69.1%) and evisceration 27(45%) predominate. Conclusion Our study shows that the majority of infectious keratitis in Mongolia is due to trauma in male patients. Forty-five percent of all surgeries involve evisceration surgery, which reduces the client's quality of life.

Background: Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents the most devastating subtype of stroke, charac terized by spontaneous bleeding into the brain parenchyma. This neurological emergency carries a burden of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Timely identification causal pathways is priority objective for adequate primary and secondary prevention of ICH. Risk factors may differ between ICH subtypes, and stratified approaches to management may be appropriate. Aim: This study is to identify cause and risk factors of ICH. Materials and Methods: A single centre descriptive study was carried out in Stroke Center of the State Third Central Hospital, Mongolia, including 718 consecutive acute patients with ICH during October 2022 to September 2024. Patients were classified using SMASH-U, an etiological based classification system. Results: Out of a total of 718 cases diagnosed with ICH, hypertension caused 75.3%, amyloid angiopathy 12%, unde termined 7%, structural lesions 2.92%, systemic disease 2.37%, medication 0.48% in 718 ICH patients. The mean age of the cases was 57.5 жил, and was the most common in men of the 50-59 age group (p<0.001). The main risk factor in hy pertension and amyloid angiopathy groups was arterial hypertension (93.7%), in undetermined group alcohol consump tion (48%), in structural group AVM and other vascular causes (23.8%), in systemic group chronic kidney insufficiency (29.4%), in medication group atrial fibrillation (100%), respectively. Conclusion 1. ICH was mostly caused by hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, systemic disease. 2. Arterial hypertension, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, oral anticoagulants, smoking, alcohol con sumption, obesity/BMI≥25, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney insufficiency, AVM and other structural anomalies were the most common risk factors.

Introduction: Cases of gastric cancer have been declining worldwide in recent years. However, gastric cancer incidence increased in the last decade in Mongolia. In Mongolia, over 80% of gastric cancer cases are diagnosed during the late stage. Several studies have revealed that serum pepsinogens (PGs) level reflects, indirectly, histological and functional characteristics of the gastric mucosa. Goal: We aimed to evaluate the risk of gastric cancer and its precancerous condition based on serum PGI, PGI/II biomarkers. Materials and Methods: This case-control study enrolled 114 subjects, including patients with gastric cancer (n=36), atrophic gastritis (n=40) and healthy controls (n=138). The questionnaires were obtained to determine risk factors. Serum PGI, PGII, and H. pylori IgG levels were measured by ELISA (Pepsinogen I ELISA; Pepsinogen II ELISA; H.Pylori IgG ELISA; BIOHIT Plc, Helsinki, Finland). PGI to PGII ratio was calculated. Patients were classified into the ABC(D) group according to Miki K approach. Also, we developed new scoring system based on some risk factors and serum PGI, PGI/II ratio. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate risk and expressed by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Mean age of the subjects was 60±10.9 years. H.Pylori was positive in 67 subjects. The serum PGI and PGI/II ratio levels were significantly decreased in gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis groups compared to the healthy control. According to classification ABC(D), group D (OR 5.04, 95% CI 1.13-22.50) had higher proportion of atrophic gastritis cases, group C (OR 6.19, 95% CI 1.04-36.78) had higher proportion of gastric cancer cases than others. Additionally, we created a risk prediction scoring system with a score ranging from 0 to 7, based on variables age, family history of gastric cancer, prior disease history, PGI and PGI/II ratio levels. For the atrophic gastritis patients, 17 (42.5%) were classified into medium-risk category (OR 4.49, 95% CI 1.38-14.58) and 17 (42.5%) were classified into high-risk category (OR 7.69, 95% CI 2.16-27.43). Whereas, 11 (30.6%) patients with gastric cancer were classified into medium-risk category (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.13-16.85), 21 (58.3%) were classified into high-risk category (OR 14.25, 95% CI 3.60-56.43). Conclusion The methods based on serum PGI and PGI/II may identify a high risk population of gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis.