Vitamin D deficiency is a major health problem worldwide, especially in the elderly, so that an accurate assessment of its prevalence is essential for planning reliable healthcare policy throughout the lifespan. Purpose: The aim of the oncentrationofpresent study wasto assess the25-hydroxyvitamin D 25OHD) across different as well as the mild andmoderate deficiencies ages and genders. Methods: We searched the database of the local Laboratory Information System to retrieve results of 25OHD tests performed on the whole cohort of presumably Mongolian participants aged >22 yrs, who were referred to our laboratory in Gurvan Gal Hospital’s clinical laboratory, a 1-year period (January 2011 - January 2012). Results: Results for 25OHD testing were retrieved for 120 participants. No significant differences between females and males were observed for 25OHD values(20 [4-17.89]ng/ml versus 53 [4-20.06]ng/ml; p=0.3). A non significant variation of 25OHD values was also found by ANOVA analysis throughout 3 age cohorts (22-40, 41-60, >60 yrs), in both genders. In each age group, the values of 25OHD did not significantly differ between genders. Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a Mongolians. Lifestyle factors, including smoking, and physical activity, were significant predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.

BACKGROUND: Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence. It is the seventh most commonmalignancy in men and seventeenth in women. UBC tends to occur most commonly in individuals over 65 orolder men and the male to female ratio are 3:1. The vast majority (over 90%) of bladder cancers are transitionalcell or urothelial carcinoma. Many experts did favor the 1998 World Health Organization/international Societyof Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) formulation for urothelial neoplasm. The 2004 WHO had accepted thenomenclature used in 1998, the system is currently used in countries of the world. Histology is the gold standardof typing, grading and staging to determine prognosis of the disease and process tactics of treatment. This newclassification system is not been introduced in our country yet, so UBCs are still formulated with the WHO 1973system. And there are no noted studies for UBC yet in Mongolia, these reasons were the background to determinethe UBC pathology with international classification system and nature of UBC in Mongolians.OBJECTIVE: To classify urinary bladder cancer occurred in Mongolia with the current histological classification and determinesspecific characters of pathology.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study we evaluated 138 patients with UBC diagnosed in Urological department of Central UniversityHospital, biopsy materials of these patients are classified with WHO/ISUP(2004) and results were analyzed.RESULT: Of the 108 patients with urinary bladder tumor, 2 patients (2%) were diagnosed with papilloma, 13 patients (12%)with papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, 93 patients (86%) diagnosed with UC. Of 93 patientswith bladder carcinoma, majority of patients (91/98%) were diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma, 2 patients (2%)were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. 74 (79.5%) of study patients were male, 19 (20.5%) were female and themale to female ratio was 3.9:1. Older man (over 50) was 65 (88%). Of UC (91), 1(1%) was carcinoma in situ,38 (42%) low grade papillary carcinoma, 33 (36%) high grade papillary carcinoma, 19 (21%) were no papillaryurothelial carcinoma. Of bladder carcinoma (93), 29 (31%) were superficial cancer (pTa, pTis), 58 (62%) wereinvasive cancer (pT₁₋₄).CONCLUSION: Urinary bladder cancer is in the majority in urinary bladder tumor in our country and transitional cell or urothelialcarcinoma compresses 98%. The male to female ratio in patients with bladder carcinoma is 3.9:1, older men over50 years are overweening affected.

Introduction Cervical cancer screening program is using conventional Pap smear (CPS) have been successfully used in Mongolia, but new kind of test as “Liquid based cytology” (LBC) is not popular for screening. This liquid based cytology testing might reduce the number of unsatisfactory smears, and increase the accuracy of diagnosing. Goal The main aim of this study was to assess diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of Liquid based cytology versus Conventional Pap smear using ‘split-samples’ technique. Materials and Methods This was cross sectional study, total of 75 cervical split samples were included over a period of 2 months. Split sample was obtained using cervix-brush. CPS was prepared from brush and the brush head was suspended in the Liquid based vial and processed by LBC method and pap staining. Smears were diagnosed by cytologists. Abnormal smears were concluded by cervical biopsy as a Golden Standard. Results There were 14%unsatisfactory smears in CPS and 6% in LBC; the main cause is insuffi cient cells, and excess blood in CPS. LBC had diagnostic accuracy of LSIL was lower, but ASC-US was higher than CPS was signifi cant. LBC (100%) was more sensitive than CPS (89%) was confi rmed by biopsy. Conclusions: LBC testing was successfully reduced unsatisfactory smears rate. LBC samples offered better clarity and uniform spread of smears, less time for screening and better diagnostic accuracy of LSIL and ASC-US than CPS.

In United States, person is diagnosed with blood cancer in every 3 minutes. In 2015, there were 1.665.540 total cancer cases and 9.4% of them lymphoma and leukemia . In 2015, there were 95 cases of lymphoma in Mongolia when compared 4 times increase to 2015 from 2010 . Bone marrow examination is an established diagnostic modality in the evaluation of various hematological disorders. BM examination can serve to establish or confirm a primary diagnosis of lymphoma or to determine the extent of disease dissemination for staging purposes. Biopsy is essential for diagnosis in a dry tap or blood tap which occurs when the marrow is fibrotic or densely cellular. Only a biopsy allows a complete assessment of marrow architecture and pattern of distribution of any abnormal infiltrates. In 2015.01-2016.01 fifty five bone marrow biopsies were retrieved from the files of the National First Clinical Hospital-Department of Hematology. These all statistical analysis was performed using by SPSS 17. Bone marrow processing and staining: The hematologist is instructed to place the freshly obtained BMTB specimens directly into buffer substance fixative and transport it immediately to the histopathology department, on the same day as the procedure.The next morning (after 20–24 h), the solution is decanted (with a strainer) and the biopsy specimen is washed in distilled water for 30 min. The biopsy specimens are left to decalcify for about 6 h before being processed and embedded in paraffin wax, with procedures similar as for other specimens.Sections, 1-mm thick (microtome set for 1 mm sections), are cut from the paraffin-wax blocks with the routine rotary microtomes in the laboratoryA total of 55 cases were reviewed from December 2014 to November 2015. The age of the subjects ranged from twenty two years to seventy eigth years with a male predominance (1.7:1). Data of 55 trephine biopsies were reviewed. The percentage of trephine biopsies in different length ranges was calculated. Twenty two biopsieswere of recommended length, i.e., ≥1.5 Cm while remaining 33 were less than the recommended length. The rate of positivity for diagnosis was 95.4% in group-1, 94.1% in group-2, 63.6% in group-3 and 40% in group-4 In all cases in our study 73% (n=40) were satisfactory and 27%(n=15) unsatisfactory slides .Our study showed that 40% trephan biopsies were of revommended length i.e >=1.5cm with 95.4% positive of diagnosis. However biopsies measuring 1-1.4 cm also had comparable result 94.1% .

BACKGROUNDThe use of stem cells for various clinical applications is highly expected and the production of good quality stem cells is very critical for basic studies. In the bone marrow, hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells form a unique niche in which the oxygen tension is low. Hypoxia may have a role in maintaining stem cell fate, self renewal and multi-potency. We investigated whether low oxygen culture would be beneficial for hematopoietic stem cell stemness.METHODSBone marrow cells from 8-10 week aged mice were subjected to hypoxic conditioning by culture for 7days in 20%, 3% and 1% oxygen. For culture,1x105 cell/ml were seeded in colony forming assay in each dish. During the culturing, cell colonies were checked once every three days. Compared to normoxic cells, hypoxic cells weremorphologicallyundifferentiated and counted by Olympus IX71 microscope.RESULTSMore colonies were observed at 3% and 1% oxygen. Statistical significances were identified with granulocytes and macrophage colony (p<0.05) in hypoxic condition.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggests low physiological oxygen culture could improve the stemness of macrophage and granulocytes colony. Long term culture will be necessary to confirm whether low physiological oxygen levels also improve genomic stability.

IntroductionMongolian rural population lack of access to adequate health services due to the fact that they live remotefrom urban hospitals. With the rapid spread of telemedicine in most countries, has been promoted as apromising tool to address deficiencies in delivering health care in developing countries.In late 2008 the Swiss Surgical Team (SST) started the telemedicine project MonTelNet in Mongolia incollaboration and with financial support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).GoalThis study aims at evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of such a service by reviewing 212 telepathologydiagnoses delivered to the local experts in Ulaanbaatar between January 2009 and June 2013.Materials and MethodsUnder the MonTelNet project all province (Aimag) hospitals were equipped with hardware necessaryfor practicing telemedicine, in particular with computers with digitalized microscopes and cameras. Thesoftware CampusMedicus® (CM) was developed together with Klughammer GmbH. Software and alldata and comments exchanged over the MonTelNet are stored on a central server. Each of the originaldiagnoses issued through the CM telepathology (TP) server was compared to an independent reviewdiagnosis based on the original glass slides.RESULT For 188 specimens (89.9%) the TP diagnosis were completely identical with the review diagnosison the original glass slide. 12 specimens (5.7%) showed minor discrepancies (clinically identical) and 5specimens (2.4%) showed moderate discrepancies which were not clinically relevant. four cases (1.9%)exhibited a marked discrepancy (clinically relevant) between the TP diagnosis and the review diagnosis.Three specimens were classified as “other”.DISCUSSION The results of the study show a very high accuracy of the TP diagnosis provided. The TPdiagnoses differed markedly from the review diagnoses based on the original glass slide in only 1.9%of the 212 cases. 89.9% of all cases showed complete concordance between TP and review. Thesefigures are comparable to figures from other evaluations of static image telepathology.Conclusion:1. The results of the study show a very high accuracy (94.7%) of the TP diagnosis provided. TheTP diagnoses 89.9% of all cases showed complete concordance between TP and conventionalreview.2. Problem with image selection show a different picture and occur more often in cases with markeddiscrepancies between TP and review - χ2-test shows significant correlation (p<0.001).

Vitamin D deficiency is a major health problem worldwide, especially in the elderly, so that an accurate assessment of its prevalence is essential for planning reliable healthcare policy throughout the lifespan. Purpose:The aim of the oncentrationofpresent study wasto assess the25-hydroxyvitamin D 25OHD) across different as well as the mild andmoderate deficiencies ages and genders.Methods:We searched the database of the local Laboratory Information System to retrieve results of 25OHD tests performed on the whole cohort of presumably Mongolian participants aged >22 yrs, who were referred to our laboratory in Gurvan Gal Hospital’s clinical laboratory, a 1-year period (January 2011 - January 2012). Results:Results for 25OHD testing were retrieved for 120 participants. No significant differences between females and males were observed for 25OHD values(20 [4-17.89]ng/ml versus 53 [4-20.06]ng/ml; p=0.3). A non significant variation of 25OHD values was also found by ANOVA analysis throughout 3 age cohorts (22-40, 41-60, >60 yrs), in both genders. In each age group, the values of 25OHD did not significantly differ between genders.Conclusions:We observed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a Mongolians. Lifestyle factors, including smoking, and physical activity, were significant predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.

Background:Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue are being applied to tissue engineering and cell therapy. The use of stem cells of various clinical applications is highly expected and the production of good quality stem cells is very critical for basic studies. In the bone marrowmesenchymal stem cells from an unique niche in which the oxygen tension is low. Hypoxia may have a role in maintaining stem cell fate, self renewal and multi-potency. We investigated whether low oxygen culture would be beneficial for mesenchymal stem cell. Results:BMCs from 8-10 week aged, 6 mice were subjected to hypoxic conditioning by culture for 7 days in 20%, 3%, 1% oxygen. For culture 1x106 cell/ml were seeded in media with L-glutamine in each dish. During the culturing, cell colonies were checked once in three days. After cell culture, we stained cells by CD90 then counted CD90 positive cells by fluorescence microscope. More colonies and mesenchymal cells were observed at 3%, 1% oxygen and also colonies were bigger in hypoxic condition. Statistical significances were identified mesenchymal cells (p<0.05) in hypoxic condition. Conclusions:Our data suggests low physiological oxygen culture could improve the differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Long term culture will be necessary to confirm whether low physiological oxygen levels also improve genomic stability.

Background:Laboratory test are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Laboratory test gives 70% of information to get a right diagnosis. By some study, physiological factors such as diet, stress, exercise and sample collection techniques are influencing 32%-75% of test accuracy and reliability. That is why we want to studyhow nurses follow standard of sample collection techniques in UB.Our study conducted in 5 different hospitals. We observed nursesway of collecting sample from 150 patientsResult:Nurses did not identify patients ID in 80% of patients and did not ask test preparation and diet of 100%. They prepare necessary items to blood draw 95%. Also nurses did not fully follow blood draw standard in such way: hand sterilization, asepticize place of puncture and using bandage. Conclusion:Nurses don’t follow standard of draw blood from vein and did not clarifies patients test preparation. Pre-analysis process is the most influencing factor in the test result. So we have to train nurses to follow their standard of sample collection procedure.