Objective To investigate the effects of inhalation of isoflurane (Iso) on pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response through the changes in the plasma and pulmonary levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in rats. Methods Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8 each): group control (group C), group Iso-4 h, group Iso-8 h and group R. Group C inhaled air only. Group Iso-4 h and Iso-8 h inhaled in 40% O2 + 1.5% Iso for 4 and 8 h respectively. Group R inhaled 40% O2 + 1.5% Iso for 8 h and then withdrew and only inhaled 40 % O2 for 2 h. Blood samples were taken from femoral artery for measurement of plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-10 by ELISA. Then the rots were sacrificed to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for measurement of IL-1β and IL-10 concentrations. The right lung tissues were obtained for determination of the expression of IL-1β mRNA and IL-10 mRNA by RT-PCR. Results The BALF concentration of IL-1β and IL-1β mRNA expression in lung tissues were significantly higher in group Iso-4 h, and the concentrations of plasma and BALF IL-1β and IL-10, and the expression of IL-1β mRNA and IL-10 mRNA in lung tissues were significantly higher in group Iso-8 h than in group C (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the concentrations of plasma and BALF IL-1β and IL-10 and expression of IL-1β mRNA and IL-10 mRNA in lung tissues between group R and group C (P>0.05). The plasma and BALF IL-10 concentrations and IL-10 mRNA expression in lung tissues were significantly higher in group Iso-8 h than in group Iso-4 h (P<0.05). The concentrations of plasma and BALF IL-1β and IL-10 and expression of IL-1β mRNA and IL-10 mRNA in lung tissues were significantly lower in group R than in group Iso-8 h (P<0.05). Conclusion Isollurane inhalation can induce transient pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response in rats.

0.05).Conclusions Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia combined with target controlled infusion of midazolam has slight side effects and serum cortisol changes,suitable for gynecological operations.

Objective:To examine the effects of different concentrations of Isoflurane on the level of surfactant protein A(SP-A) and the expression of SP-A mRNA in the lung of rats.Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group received 40%(volume fraction) O_2 inhalation(40% O_2,n=8);0.7% isoflurane group(n=8),1.5% isoflurane group(n=8).They and 2.0% isoflurane group(n=8).They were treated with 40%O_2 with 0.7%,1.5% and 2.0% isoflurane respectively.In each group,the rats inhaled experimental gas for 8 hours,and then were put to death immediately.Morphological changes of type Ⅱ pneumocytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy.Surfactant protein content in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was measured with Western Blotting.The level of intracellular SP-A was examined with immunohistochemistry(IHC).To assess the relative levels of SP-A mRNA in lung tissue,reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was used with the co-amplification of the "housekeeping" gene GAPDH as internal control.Results: Morphological changes of type Ⅱ pneumocytes were distinct in 1.5% isoflurane and 2.0% isoflurane groups.Isoflurane,after three doses,significantly reduced the SP-A content in BALF.Control group,(437 112)?25 654;0.7%Isoflurane group,355 789?28 116;1.5%Isoflurane group,238 554?31 531;(2.0%) Isoflurane group,223 632?25 710(P

Objective To evaluate the effect of mild hypothermia on the recovery from cisatracurium blockade during the recovery from anesthesia in patients .Methods Thirty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients , aged 18-64 yr , with body mass index 18-25 kg/m2 , scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia ,were enrolled in the study .The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the body temperature recorded when cisatracurium infusion was stopped at the end of surgery .The body temperature 36.0-36.9 ℃served as normothermia group (group N , n=14 ) and 34.0-35.9 ℃ served as mild hypothermia group (group H , n= 16 ) . The body temperature was measured by a thermocouple placed in the nasopharynx . Neuromuscular function was monitored by measuring the evoked mechanical response of the adductor pollicis muscle to supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) stimulation (frequency 2 Hz ,wave length 0.2 ms ,intensity 50 mA ,interval 15 s) of the ulnar nerve at the wrist using TOF-Watch SX? .Cisatracurium was intravenously infused at 1-3μg·kg-1 ·min-1 during surgery to maintain neuromuscular block with 1%

Objective To investigate the effects of 1% ropivacaine injected epineurally or intraneurally on the recovery of sciatic nerve from acute injury in rats. Methods Seventy-two healthy male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g were xandomly assigned into 4 groups ( n = 18 each): group Ⅰ epineural injection of normal saline(NS)(group C1); group Ⅱ intraneural injection of NS (group C2); group Ⅲ epineural injection of 1% ropivacaine (group Epi-R) and group Ⅳ intraneural injection of 1% ropivacaine (group Intra-R). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 3% pentobarbital 60 mg/kg. The sciatic nerve was exposed and crushed with blood vessel clamp for 2 min. NS or 1% ropivacaine 0.2 ml was injected epineurally or intraneurally after release of the clamp.Sciatic nerve function was measured and sciatic nerve function index (SFI) was calculated at day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21and 28 after operation. Six animals in each group were anesthetized on the 14th and 28th day after operation and the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the sciatic nerve was measured. The sciatic nerve was then removed for histologic examination. Results There was no significant difference in SFI and NCV at all time points among group C1 , C2 and Epi-R. SFI was almost normal on the 28th day after operation in the 3 groups. The NCV was significantly slower at day 14 and 28 after operation in intra-R group than in the other 3 groups. Conclusion Intra-neural injection of ropivacaine can significantly delay the recovery of sciatic nerve from acute injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of inhalation of different concentrations of sevoflurane on pulmonary inflammatory response in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty adult Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups: Ⅰ control group breathing room air (group C, n = 12);Ⅱ oxygen group breathing 40% O2(group O, n = 36);Ⅲ and Ⅳ sevoflurane groups breathing 1.5% and 3.0% sevoflurane in 40% O2 respectively (group S1, S2, n = 36). Group Ⅱ was further divided into 3 subgroups according to the duration of 40% O2 inhalation 4 h, 8 h and 10 h. Group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were further divided into 3 subgroups ( n = 12 each) breathing sevoflurane for 4 h, 8 h and 8 h followed by 2 h O2 (40%) inhalation. The animals were sacrificed at the end of O2 or/and sevoflurane inhalation. Broncho-alveolar lavage was performed in 6 animals in each subgroup. The TNF-α concentration in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was determined. The TNF-α mRNA expression and MPO activity in the lung tissue were measured in the other 6 animals in each subgroup. Results Inhalation of 1.5% or 3.0% sevoflurane for 4 or 8 h did not induce inflammatory response in the lung as compared with animals breathing room air or 40% O2 . Conclusion Exposure to sevoflurane does not induce pulmonary inflammatory response in rats breathing spontaneously.

Objective To study the influence of pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced by cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) on pulmonary function and the preventive effect of nicardipine.Methods Sixteen patients scheduled for cardiac valve replacement were randomly divided into two groups : control group ( n = 8) and nicardipine group ( n = 8) . In nicardipine group nicardipine 0.02 mg kg-1 was given at the beginning of CPB; while in control group normal saline was given instead of nicardipine. All patients were operated upon under TIVA with large doses of fentanyl. Swan-Ganz catheter was placed via internal jugular vein after induction of anesthesia. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) and lung compliance were measured and calculated before CPB (T0 ), 5min after declamping of vena cava (T1 ), at tennination of CPB (T2) and at the end of operation (T3 ). At the same time points arterial and mixed venous blood samples were taken for determination of TNF-a, SOD and LPO concentrations and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) count, intrapulmonary PMN trapping (PMNa-PMNv) and blood gases and calculation of PaO2/FiO2 , P(A-2,)O2 difference and Qs/Qt. The vena cava cross-clamping time was defined as pulmonary ischemia time. Results (1) In control group MPAP, PVRI, PaO2/FiO2 and Qs/Qt were significantly deteriorating after vena cava declamping (T1-T3) as compared with the baseline valves (T0) (P

Objective To evaluate the performance of the target controlled infusion(TCI) system with midazolam during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. Methods Twenty female patients scheduled for selective lower abdominal or pelvic surgery under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia were enrolled in this study. They use combined spinal and epidural anesthesia with target controlled infusion of midazolam sedation. Midazolam plasma concentration was set at 100ng/ml. Blood pressure,heart rate, pulse oxygen saturation were monitored during anesthesia and operation. We use BIS as a pharmacodynamic value of midazolam sedation. Blood samples were taken from radial arterial for analysis of plasma midazolam concentration during infusion. Midazolam plasma concentration were tested by high performance liquid chromatography. Results MDPE of target controlled infusion with midazolam with Burher parameters was 38.7%, MDAPE was 38.7%,and wobble is 24.9% in Chinese female patients. Conclusions Burher parameters of midazolam target controlled infusion system should be correct, then can be used for our country female patients conscious sedation accurately.

Objective To evaluate the changes of pulmonary gas exchange and intrapulmonary shunt during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) Methods Eleven ASA Ⅲ Ⅳ patients (male 8, female 3) with end stage liver diseases were studied Age ranged from 17 67 yr Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0 1 mg?kg -1 , fentanyl 5?g?kg -1 and pipecuronium 0 1 mg?kg -1 and maintained with isoflurane inhalation and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl and pipecuronium combined with epidural anesthesia (T 8 9 ) The patients were mechanically ventilated with 100% O 2 during operation After induction of anesthesia Swan Ganz catheter was inserted via right internal jugular or subclavian vein Cardiac output (CO),mixed venous oxygen saturation and core venous temperature were continuously monitored with continuous cardiac output monitor (Baxter,Vigilance) ECG, CVP, SpO 2 and P ET CO 2 were also continuously monitored during operation Radial artery was cannulated for continuous direct blood pressure monitoring Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were taken at the beginning of operation, 120 min during preanhepatic stage, 30 and 60 min during anhepatic stage, 5 and 60 min during neohepatic stage and at the end of operation Alveolar arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (A aDO 2) , intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) , oxygen delivery index (DO 2I) and oxygen consumption (VO 2 I ) were calculated During operation body temperature was maintained above 35 5℃ Veno venous bypass (VVB) was performed during anhepatic stage Results At the beginning of operation, when FiO 2 was 100%, PaO 2 was only (376?141) mmHg, A aDO 2 and Qs/Qt were all higher than normal values There were no significant changes in all parameters 120 min during preanhepatic stage as compared with those at the beginning of operation PaO 2 increased and A aDO 2 and VO 2I decreased significantly during anhepatic stage Qs/Qt, A aDO 2 and PaCO 2 increased and PaO 2 decreased significantly, but there were no significant changes in cardiac index, DO 2I and VO 2I during early neohepatic stage Cardiac index, DO 2I and VO 2I increased at 60 min during neohepatic stage and at the end of operation Conclusions There are severe changes of pulmonary gas exchange during OLT

Objective To assess the effect of propofol on changes in plasma enzymes (CPK,LDH), lipid peroxides (MDA) and metabolites of arachidonic acid (TXB 2,6 keto PGF 1? ) after ischemia reperfusion of lower extremity.Methods 19 ASAⅠ Ⅱscheduled for bilateral total knee replacement were randomly allocated to one of the two groups: isoflurane group (group I,n=10) and propoful group(group P, n=9). The patients were premedicated with intramuscular pethidine 50mg and scopolamine 0.3mg 30min before operation. In isoflurane group anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.15mg?kg -1 ,fentanyl 3?g?kg -1 and vecuronim 0.1mg?kg -1 and maintained with 0.8% isoflurane after tracheal intubation. In propofol group anesthesia was induced with propofol 2mg?kg -1 ,fentanyl 3?g?kg -1 and vecuronim 0.1mg?kg -1 and maintained with propofol infusion 8mg?kg -1 ?h -1 . In both groups general anesthesia was supplemented with epidural block performed at L 2 3 . Blood samples were taken from femoral vein before the tourniquet of right leg was inflated(0min) and 5,10,20min after replace of left leg for determination of plasma creatine phosphokinase(CPK),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),MDA,TXB 2 and 6 keto PGF 1? levels.Results In group P CPK and LDH levels decreased significantly at 10,20min and MDA level at 5min(P