1.Result for comparative study of automatic analyzer and vaginal smear test for diagnosis of vaginal secretion
Nomin-Erdene B ; Battogtokh Ch ; Batsuren Ch
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2022;200(2):8-15
Introduction :
Women’s age and reproduction system are always changed from many factors such as communicative and non- communicative diseases, pregnancy and menopause et cetera. Especially, the kinds of vaginal microflora and their proportions are changed too. In the world, the expansion of women’s vaginitis from bacteria was over 29.2% in 2021. For our country, 7486 as 6.9% vaginitis cases occurred within 10,000 people and 3683 as 26.3% cervical inflammation cases occurred by 2019. Vaginitis is asymptomatic for 50-75% of women. Sometimes it is not easy to diagnose vaginitis from bacteria because the fact that it doesn’t create a single type of bacteria. To diagnose vaginitis from bacteria in practice, Amsel’s criteria and Nugent testing methods are mostly used. The methods need much time, doctors’ skills and laboratory devices. It is a disadvantage of these methods. Thus, it needs to find a special method it meets people’s satisfaction, money-saving and more effective.
Goal:
Comparative research on the traditional and automatic testing methods for vaginal secretion
Materials and Methods:
We included 47 women in menopause age in analytic study design. All test of participants was tested with Nugent score and automatic analyzer. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 version interpreted according to frequency distribution and percentage. A chi – square test and risk test was used to determine significant association wherever applicable with a p-value of less than 0.05 regarded as significant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Automat analyzer were calculated, and each component of Automat analyzer was compared to the Nugent scoring system.
This study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of “Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences” university.
Results:
Evaluating the vaginal discharge from participants in the research by Nugent score, 17% (8/47) of them had bacterial vaginitis, 34% (16/47) was uncertain or they needed to be tested again, 17% (9/47) was normal. But evaluating their test of vaginal discharge by GMD-S600 automatic analyzer, 17% (8/47) had Fungal vaginitis, 57,4% (27/47) had Bacterial vaginitis, 25,5% (12/47) lost their uterus acidic balance. Evaluating the reason of vaginitis with device test by Nugent test, it fits 17%. The test diagnoses it very effective in statistics.
Conclusion
Comparing traditional method to automatic analyzer testing method for vaginal secretion, the automatic analyzer method is more effective to diagnose and it has an advantage of detecting vaginal abnormality. Also, working unhealthy condition, smoking, making wash are the defends of having vaginitis.
2.Assessment of Prebiotic Activity of Xylooligosaccharides Extracted from Food Industry By-Products via Microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis
Odgerel Ch ; Purevdulam E ; Anuujin G ; Buyankhuu T ; Munkhjargal B ; Battogtokh Ch ; Munkhtsetseg J
Mongolian Journal of Health Sciences 2025;86(2):183-190
Background:
This study explores the potential of food industry by-products, such as plant peels, stems, and slags, as
valuable sources of lignocellulosic material (LCM), which contains 25-40% xylan. These underutilized resources, often
discarded as waste, hold the promise of sustainable applications in biotechnology. By safely extracting xylooligosaccharides
(XOS) from LCM biomass, the value of these materials can be significantly enhanced, contributing to green production
and supporting sustainable development. XOS, recognized for its prebiotic activity, has been shown to promote the
growth of beneficial gut bacteria, making it a vital research area in the fields of food science, medicine, and technology.
Aim:
To extract and characterize oligosaccharides derived from by-products of the food industry, evaluate their physicochemical
properties, and investigate selected biological activities.
Materials and Methods:
This study utilized microwave pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to isolate and purify
XOS from wheat bran and brewers’ spent grains (BSG), provided by Altan Taria LLC and APU CoL, respectively. Microwave
irradiation at 200°C for 5 minutes was employed as a pretreatment step, followed by hydrolysis using commercial
xylanase (Thermomyces lanuginosus, recombinant Aspergillus oryzae, 2500 BXU/g) at 55°C for 24 hours. The resulting
hydrolysate underwent filtration with activated carbon and ethanol precipitation to yield purified XOS. Analytical methods,
including FTIR spectroscopy, TLC and HPLC, were used for structural and compositional analysis of the purified
oligosaccharides. In vitro tests evaluated the ability of XOS to support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, including
Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus fermentum (ATCC 9338), and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 344), using XOS-enriched
media. Additionally, in vivo studies were conducted on rats to determine the biological effects of XOS on gut microbiota.
Results:
The results demonstrated that prolonged enzymatic hydrolysis for more than 10 hours, using 0.25 g of xylanase
per 100 g of substrate, resulted in optimal yields. XOS purity was measured at 87.6% with an 8.1 g yield from wheat bran
and 89% purity with a 7.2 g yield from brewers’ spent grains. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of xylobiose,
xylotriose, and xylotetraose, with xylotetraose being the most abundant component in WBP-XOS (47.5%), and xylobiose
dominating BGS’s derived XOS (47.8%). Biological effects revealed that wheat bran-derived XOS significantly supported
the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and L. fermentum (ATCC 9338) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas
no significant effect was observed on L. casei (ATCC 344). In vivo studies confirmed that XOS consumption increased
populations of Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila spp. in gut microbiota (p<0.05). Furthermore, XOS
consumption reduced plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels while increasing HDL-C levels, demonstrating
metabolic benefits.
Conclusion
This research establishes that XOS with prebiotic activity can be efficiently extracted and purified from food
industry by-products using microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. This approach highlights the potential of utilizing
agricultural and industrial waste for producing functional prebiotics, contributing to sustainable practices and offering
valuable applications in health and nutrition.
3.Result of detection sexually transmitted some viral infections among pregnant women and newborns
Otgonjargal B ; Batbaatar G ; Tsogtsaikhan S ; Klaus P ; Birgit H ; Enkhtsetseg J ; Battogtokh Ch
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2019;187(1):11-16
Introduction:
In Mongolia, diagnostic tests for the detection of the sexually transmitted congenital virus and human papilloma virus are currently not routinely used in clinical settings and the frequency of these STIs is enigmatic.
Goal:
The prevalence of this virus were prospectively evaluated among 200 Mongolian pregnant women and their newborns and correlated with pregnancy outcome.
Materials and Methods:
Taq Man PCRs were used to detect some virus in pre-birth vaginal swabs of the pregnant women and in
oral swabs of their newborns. A standardized questionnaire concerning former and present pregnancies was developed and regression analysis was used to correlate virus detection with pregnancy outcome.
Result:
Cytomegalovirus was the most prevalent of the tested pathogens (46.5% positive women and 10.5%
newborns), human papilloma virus (31.5% and 4.5%) and herpes simplex virus-2 (1% and 0%).
Statistical analysis:
The statistical analysis was conducted using the software program RStudio, version 0.99.896. Multiple
regression analysis was used to assess the association between pathogen loads of mothers or newborns
and the outcome variables (gestational age, neonatal length, weight, head circumferences and bacterial
vaginosis).
Conclusions
Multiple regression analyses indicate that colonization of the mothers with cytomegalovirus is associated with transmission to newborns and that transmission is associated with reduced neonatal length and gestational age. Thus, diagnostic tests for their detection should be implemented in the clinical settings in Mongolia.
4.Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination coverage among children aged 0-9 years in urban and rural areas
Bulgankhishig M ; Ser-Od Kh ; Oyu-Erdene Sh ; Shatar Sh ; Battogtokh Ch ; Gereltsetseg Z ; Khurelbaatar N ; Davaalkham D
Mongolian Journal of Health Sciences 2025;85(1):185-190
Background:
Hepatitis virus infections are widespread and highly endemic in Mongolia and ranks first in the world for
liver cancer mortality per 100,000 population, eight times the world average. The World Health Organization estimates
that more than 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus. Each year, 1 million people die from the infection,
4 million are newly infected, and approximately 350-400 million are chronic carriers. In 2018, 475 cases of viral hepatitis
were recorded nationwide, accounting for 1.1 percent of all communicable diseases, a decrease of 59 cases or 0.2 per
10,000 population compared to the previous year. In 2016, 194 WHO member countries joined forces to develop a strategy to reduce viral hepatitis, with the goal of reducing mortality by 65% and new infections by 90% by 2030. In order
to achieve this goal, the strategic goal states that each country must conduct a comprehensive public health study and
intervention on the spread of infection, risk factors, and early detection.
Aim:
Study to the coverage of hepatitis B immunization among children aged 0-9 years in urban and rural Mongolia and
to determine the influencing factors.
Materials and Methods:
A Nationwide population based cross-sectional study design was used in this study. Mongolia
is geographically divided into the western, Khangai, eastern, and central regions. A total of 14 provinces were selected
randomly in addition to Ulaanbaatar city. The appropriate sample size was estimated at 4500 children aged 0-9 years,
based on 2019 demographic data from the National Statistics Office.
The questionnaire contained closed and semi-closed questions on demographics, socio-economic status, vaccination history and etc.
Results:
A total of 5027 children aged 0-9 years were enrolled in this study out of which 33.7% (n=1692) and 66.3%
(n=3335) were enrolled from capital city Ulaanbaatar and provinces, respectively. Almost half (n=2552) of the study participants were boys whereas the remaining were girls 50.0% (n=2554). According to the history of Hepatitis B vaccination
by questionnaire of parents’, 91.2% [91.2-92.0] were vaccinated with Hepatitis B. The proportion was 89.7% [89.7-90.8]
and 94.1% [94.1-95.2] in rural and urban areas, respectively. Nearly 90% [89.6-90.5] of children were vaccinated in hospitals, 2.3% [2.0-5.0] were vaccinated at home, 8.1% [7.9-10.7] were unaware of the study participants’ location of vaccination. There were no statistically significant differences by urban and rural residences. Vaccination coverage against
Hepatitis B was 91.5% (n=2300) and 90.9% (n=2284) among boys and girls, respectively and 89.6% (n=4506) were vaccinated at hospitals. Vaccination coverage were similar by sex. We also used Health Documents /pink book of children/
or vaccination card for each child to determine the coverage. According to the data from the children’s vaccination card
and health documents’, 917 (18.2%) children were not vaccinated against hepatitis, 57 (1.1%) children received 1 dose,
235 (4.7%) children received 2 doses, and 3818 (75.9%) children received all 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. There was
no significant difference by sex, though the coverage varied by age. For instance, proportion of children with no written
documentation in the vaccination card was 13.5% among children aged 1 years that increased to 22.5% and 25.3% among
children aged 8 and 9 years, respectively. In contrast the coverage rate of 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccination declined from
77.8% to 70.7% among children aged 1 years and 9 years, respectively. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage according to the
vaccination card was different by provinces and within the districts of Ulaanbaatar city.
Conclusion
A total of 5027 children aged 0-9 years were included in the study, of which 917 (18.2%) children were not
vaccinated against hepatitis, 57 (1.1%) children were vaccinated against the first dose, 235 (4.7%) children were vaccinated against the second dose, and 3818 (75.9%) children were fully vaccinated against the first-third dose. Although
the coverage of the study participants varied depending on age and place of residence, no significant differences were
observed in terms of gender. The current rate of children who are not fully vaccinated stands at 18.2%, emphasizing the
need to ensure all children receive full vaccinations for hepatitis B and the required five doses as per the schedule. Furthermore, it is essential to mandate booster vaccinations for those with delayed immunizations and improve the accuracy
of registration data.
5.The study of the intestinal microbiota among Mongolian Adults, it related some factors
Saruuljavkhlan B ; Battogtokh Ch ; Enkh-Amar A ; Otgonjargal B ; Otgonbileg J ; Anuujin G ; Gerelmaa E ; Bira N
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2019;188(2):3-11
Background:
The intestinal microbiota of Mongolians and its composition is of great interest of researchers, a few studies
have did in this fields. Maybe Mongolian encompass a uniquely wide range of environmental conditions, ethno
geographical cohorts and traditional nomadic lifestyles.
Goal:
We aimed to determine the amount of gut microbiota, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the fecal
samples of relative healthy Mongolian adults residing in various regions of Mongolia by conventional culture
method and PCR.
Material and Methods:
The study was performed population based cross sectional study in healthy volunteers. In this study, 256
relative healthy Mongolian adults with no history of gastrointestinal associated diseases were enrolled
between July 2018 and April 2019. Each participants was asked to complete a questionnaire containing 164
questions about demographics, physical activity, dietary habits. Fecal samples were collected for Lactobacillus
and Bifidobacterium analysis using culture method and determination of genus of Bifidobacterium sрp and
Lactobacillus spp by PCR.
ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 38.9±12.8 years. The mean values of Lactobacillus
by culture method were 5.9±1.28 and 6.24±0.94 log10 CFU/ml (4.67х106
, 4.66х106 CFU/ml), respectively. The
abundance of Lactobacillus had a positive correlation with grams for fiber and amount of bifidobacterium ((r=
0.495, р<0.001, r=0.288, p<0.05), respectively). Significant difference were observed between groups of milk
frequency per day for amounts of lactobacillus. In adult intestinal tracts, B.Bifidum was the most common taxon
31 (29%) followed by B. angulatum 14 (13.1%), B. adolescentis 10 (9.3%), B. catenulatum group 10 (9.3%), B.
longum 9 (8.4%). B. lactis, B. breve, B. dentium and B. gallicum were subdominant species.
Conclusion:
The mean amount of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus of all participants were 6.24±0.94 and 5.9±1.28 log10
CFU/ml (4.66*106
, 4.67*106
CFU/ml) respectively. The Lactobacillus abundance of healthy adults was higher in
region of Khangai, East and West of Mongolian than other regions. The composition of lactobacillus altered with
ageing. Significant correlations were found between fiber, fats, potato and amount of Lactobacillus.
Keywords: Bifidobacterium, Colony forming unit, Gut microbiota, Lactobacillus