Acethylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have been used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the only effective treatment for AD disease targets the cholinergic system using anti-cholinesterase compounds. AD is progressive, degenerative disease characterized by memory loss, language deterioration, poor judgment, impaired visuospatial skills etc. There are a few synthetic medicines, e.g. tacrine, donepezil and the natural product-based rivastigmine and galantamine to treat cognitive dysfunction and memory loss associated with AD. These approved drugs are limited in use due to their adverse side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and bioavailability problems. There still is great interest in fi nding better AchE inhibitors. We have screened in this study the anti-acethylcholinesterase effects of 87 samples, which prepared from different parts of 43 plant species. Methanolic extracts of nine plants, namely Patrinia rupestris, Numpaea candida, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Pachypfeurum alpinum, Leontopodium Leontopodioides, Nonea pulla, Leontopodium compestre, Gypsophilea patrinii and Abies sibirica showed potent effect, their inhibition ratios were 39.65%, 42.22%, 38.06%, 40.55%, 38.82%, 35.1%, 35.85%, 35.3 % and 53.01%, respectively. Our research shows that some Mongolian medicinal plants have anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, furthermore investigations needed to isolate pure bio-active compounds from these active plants and determine their chemical structures.

We visited Mongolia in the summer of 1999 and again in the summer of 2000, and investigated the traditional and natural medicines of this country. Mongolian traditional medicine is classified into seven categories, namely, massage, acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietary cures, aromatherapy, phlebotomy and sutra recitation. Herbal medicines, as well as acupuncture and massage, are the principal remedies. These remedies are based on Tibetan traditional medicine, which is derived from Indian traditional medicine. In both rural and urban areas, the Mongolian people use many herbs and herbal prescriptions to prevent and cure acute or chronic diseases. Important herbal plant sources, such as the Ephedra and Glycyrrhiza species, are abundant. Since the abandonment of socialism, traditional medicine has made a rapid comeback and is now a popular and important remedy in Mongolia.

Introduction: In gallstone diseases, common bile duct stones and thickened bile could cause hepatitis or other difficulties. Therefore intraoperative cholangiography is helpful in many operations besides detecting and diagnosing the gallstones in common bile duct. Materials and Methods: Out of 266 patients who had undergone Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy surgery in GrandMed Hospital, 14 patients were found to have jaundice and cholestasis after undergoing laboratory and radiology tests. Results: These 14 patients have all undergone IOC. 7 out of 14 patients were found to have positive cholangiogram and the other 7 - negative. Biliary tract tumor and anatomic anomalies were not identified among these patients. Conclusion: Making analysis using only laboratory data is not adequate for directly detecting choledocholithiasis. IOC not only shows bile tract obstruction and determines cholestasis causes, but it also identifies the anatomy biliary tract, which is a procedure that facilitates dissection. Therefore IOCcan prevent the most serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy - common bile duct injury. The sensitivity of IOC ensures the gathering of important information on time, so suggest to use it for every suspicious case.

Introduction: In gallstone diseases,common bile duct stones and thickened bilecould cause hepatitis or other difficulties.Therefore intraoperative cholangiography ishelpful in many operations besides detectingand diagnosing the gallstones in commonbile duct.Materials and Methods: Out of 266patients who had undergone LaparoscopicCholecystectomy surgery in GrandMedHospital, 14 patients were found to havejaundice and cholestasis after undergoinglaboratory and radiology tests.Results: These 14 patients have allundergone IOC. 7 out of 14 patients werefound to have positive cholangiogram andthe other 7 - negative. Biliary tract tumorand anatomic anomalies were not identifiedamong these patients.Conclusion: Making analysis usingonly laboratory data is not adequate fordirectly detecting choledocholithiasis. IOCnot only shows bile tract obstruction anddetermines cholestasis causes, but it alsoidentifies the anatomy biliary tract, whichis a procedure that facilitates dissection.Therefore IOCcan prevent the most seriouscomplication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy- common bile duct injury. The sensitivityof IOC ensures the gathering of importantinformation on time, so suggest to use it forevery suspicious case.

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and characterized by memory impairment, language deterioration, cognitive dysfunction, behavioral disturbances and deficits in activities in daily living [1,2]. Acetylcholinesterase(AchE) inhibitors have been used effective treatment for AD disease targets[3]. Therefore, it is needed to isolate bioactive compounds from plants.Materials and methods: Trisma buffer pH 8.0, DTNB(5.5-dithiobis-2-nitribenzoic acid), acethylcholinesterase enzyme, acethylcholin iodide- Ach and methanol reagents were used. Plants were collected from Mongolian khangai, steppe, gobi regions. The dried plant material were extracted with methanol then evaporiated at 400C in vacu. AChE inhibitory activity was determined using the Ellman’s colorimetric method.Calculation:A10 min-A00min= Δ A Inhibition % =100x (A10 control- Δ A sample) A10control A=absorptionResults and discussion: From the 65 samples studied, which prepared from different parts of 44 plants species, Salsola passerine, Rumex pseudonatronatus, Solidago dahurica, Chelidonium majus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Linaria buriatica and Achnatherum splendens showed more effect, their inhibition percentages were 32%, 30%, 30,7%, 35,7%, 61,5%, 29,8%, 28.8% and26.6%, respectively. Out of the plants, eight extracts were not identified AChE inhibitory activity and 30 extracts showed 10-20% weak inhibition ratios. This work represents some Mongolian plants have AChE inhibitory activity.Referens:1. Marston A., Kissling J., Hostettmann K., A rapid TLC bioautographic method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors in plants.Phytochem.Anal. 13.51- 54(2002)2. Eduardo luis Konrath., Bruna Medeiros Neves et all., Investigations of the in vitro and in vivo acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of tradionally used Lycopodium species from South America on alkaloid extracts. Journal of Ethnoparmacology 139(2012)58-673. Shulz V., Ginkgo extract or cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia., Phytomedicine 10(2003)74-79

Abstract The genus Saxifraga, one of the largest genera of the Saxifragaceae family, comprises 540 species and is distributed widely in mountainous and rocky regions, with 12 species being found in Mongolia. Saxifraga spinulosa Adams is a perennial herbaceous plant common in mainland China, Russia, and Mongolia, inhabiting stony marginal terrain. The isolated compounds from Saxifraga spinulosa were screened for DPPH radical-scavenging activity, with Trolox as a positive control (IC₅₀ 23.3 µM). All the new glucosides exhibited potent activities (IC₅₀ 19.0–72.9 µM). A crude ex- tract of S. spinulosa has been reported to display the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity among numerous Mongolian medicinal plants, which may now be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of the new flavonoid and galloyl group-containing isolated compounds.

Introduction: The main goal of the modern national drug manufacturer is to develop highly biological active, low-side effects and no toxicity pharmaceutical products that can replace synthetic drugs with natural animal, plant and mineral raw materials. We conducted this study in aim to develop the standard of pharmacopoeia of root of Caryopteris mongolica which an antibacterial activity plant that grows in Mongolia. The study included experiments to determine the appearance of the plant, to determine its anatomical structure, to determine the quantitative analysis of pharmacognosy and to determine the microbiological analysis. Method: We defined the appearance of plant by sensory method, anatomical structure of plant by light microscopy method. And we experimented the quantitative analysis of pharmacognosy and microbiological analysis of plant according to the methodology specified in the general requirements for medicinal plant raw material of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. Conclusion As a result of the study, the appearance of plant was brown, woody thick, has many branched roots, odorless and bitter. The quantitative analysis of pharmacognosy of plant met the general requirements for medicinal plant raw material. For microbiological analysis, plant met the all requirements.