Objective To evaluate a new animal model of venous stenosis induced by local mechanical injury with the presence of surgical arteriovenous fistula (AVF).Methods Twelve arteriovenous (AV) fistulae were surgically formed between the carotid artery and internal jugular vein in six adult pigs, one on each side of the neck. Direct mechanical injury was made by crush injury with fingers or forceps to the jugular vein at the sites 1-2cm above and below the AV anastomosis. Angiographic follow up was performed at 3 and 6 weeks, and the animals were sacrificed. Fistulae and injured veins were harvested for histopathology. Results At angiography six AV anastomoses were patent without stenosis, five were stenosed and one had occluded. Eleven of twelve venous injury sites with open AV anastomosis and six of ten venous injury sites with AV anastomotic stenoses developed greater than 50% diameter stenosis. Dilation was found in the non injury segment of eight jugular veins. Stenoses were caused by neointimal hyperplasia as seen on histologic examination.Conclusions Neointimal venous stenosis can be induced by creation of a surgical AV fistula and local venous mechanical injury. This model may be used to study methods to reduce or inhibit neointimal hyperplasia, with particular reference to venous stenoses that occur in arteriovenous shunts created for dialysis access.