Objective To study the microanatomy of the petrosal vein(PV) and discuss the surgical management of the vessel during microvascular decompression.Methods A total of 15 cadaveric(30 PVs) heads were obtained from dead adults.The position,morphology,branches,and variation of the PV,and anatomical relationship between the trigeminal,facial and acoustic nerves and the vessel were observed.Sixty patients with trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm were also enrolled in this study.Microvascular decompression was performed on the cases,and the PV and its branches were observed during the operation.Results The PV is formed by the union of 2 to 3 branches.It passes through the the subarachnoid space and terminates in the inner two third of the superior petrosal sinus.Classfied by number of the unilateral PVs,3 types of the vessel has been observed:single-stem(9 sides,30.0%),double-stem(17 sides,56.7%) and triple-stem types(4 sides,13.3%).Moreover,according to the anatomical relationship between the end of the PV and auditory meatus,the vein has 3 subgroups:interior-side(17/55,30.9%),intermediate(24/55,43.6%),and exterior-side(14/55,25.5%) subgroups.In our specimens,8 PVs(the main stem or a branch) touched the trigeminal nerve,and 19 PVs were less than 1 mm away from the nerve.None of the PVs connected to the faical and acoustic nerves.In the 60 patients who recieved microvascular decompression,107 PV branches(19 single-stem veins,35 double-stem vessels,and 6 triple-stem veins) were found during the operation,among which 33 belonged to interior-side subgroup,46 were classifed as intermediate type,and 28 were exterior-side veins.Conclusions Management of the PV is the key step for cerebellopontine angle surgery.The vein or its branches can be cut off when they compress the surrounding tissues or obstruct the surgical field.

Objective To analyze the results and indications of anterior, posterior or combined surgery for thoracolumbar burst fractures. Methods A retrospective review of surgically managed thoracolumbar burst fractures from 1998 to 2003 was performed. There were 76 males and 13 females, and the age of the patients were from 17 to 51 years with an average of 36.8 years. The fractures were located at T11 in 10, T12 in 21, L1 in 29, L2 in 18 and L3 in 11. According to Magerl classification, type A fractures were 68, and type C were 21. Of the 89 patients, 41 received posterior surgeries, 40 anterior surgeries, and 8 combined anterior and posterior surgeries. Operative notes, preoperative and postoperative neurological status, radiographs, CT scans, and follow-up records were reviewed. Results All of the 89 cases had successful surgery. Seventy-eight patients were followed-up for 6 to 48 months (average 12 months). Neurological status improved at least 1 ASIA grade in all of the 65 patients who had preoperative incomplete paraplegia. In the posterior surgeries, pedicle screws broken in 2 cases, deep infection in 1 case which was cured after debridement. The correction of anterior vertebral body height and Cobb's angle averaged 9.4 mm and 14.8? postoperatively, and the correction loss averaged 0.5 mm and 7.5? respectively at 6 months after surgery. And the correction loss was most evident at the above disc spaces, then the below disc spaces. In the anterior surgeries, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid in 2 cases which cured with dressing change, the other cured after debridement, implant removal and posterior fixation. The spinal canal was enlarged, and the spine recovered normal curvature. No evident correction loss, pseudoarthrosis or implant failure was noted at follow-up. Conclusion The choice of anterior, posterior or combined surgery for thoracolumbar burst fractures depends on neurological status and column stability. The vertebral compression, canal encroachment, posterior column stability and concomitant displacement should be considered in the choice of appreciate surgical approach.

Objective To analyze the results of one-stage combined anteroposterior surgery in lateral position for serious thoracolumbar fracture dislocation. Methods A retrospective review was performed for surgically treated thoracolumbar fractures from October 1998 to September 2005. Of all the 192 patients, the 34 serious cases were treated with one-stage combined anteroposterior surgery. There were 25 males and 9 females, 34.2 years old on the average (ranging from 18 to 56 years). Segments involved: T11 in 2 cases, T12 in 5 cases, L1 in 11 cases, L2 in 8 cases, L3 in 5 cases, L4 in 2 cases and L4,5 in 1 case. According to the Classification of Magerl, there were 12 cases of type A3, 2 cases of B1, 2 cases of B2, 12 cases of C1, 4 cases of C2 and 2 cases of C3. During the operation the patients were in lateral position. Laminectomy and pedical screw insertion were performed posteriorly first; anterior corpectomy, reduction and strut graft were accomplished through an additional anterior approach. The final fixation was finished by clapping the strut graft with pedical screw system. Operative notes, preoperative and postoperative neurological status, ASIA scales, radiographs, CT scans, and follow-up records were reviewed. Results All these surgeries were performed successfully without any neurological deterioration. 32 of 34 patients were followed-up for 6 to 60 months (13 months on average). Neurological status improved at least 1 ASIA grade in 24 patients with preoperative incomplete paraplegia. 6 patients complained intercostals nerve injury symptom which alleviated with conservative treatment. During follow-up, lumbar physical lordosis was reconstructed and no evident correction loss, pseudoarthrosis or implant failure was noted. Conclusion One-stage combined anteroposterior surgery can be accomplished in a lateral position. It was proved to be an effective treatment for serious thoracolumbar fracture dislocation.

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as non-hematopoietic stem cells from the mesoderm mostly come from the bone marrow, which have a stronger self-renewal ability, multilineage differentiation ability and low immunogenicity and are easy to receive the introduction of foreign genes. Therefore this kind of cells have become the research hotspot in recent years. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the latest clinical application and advancement of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels in the treatment of various diseases. METHODS: PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) and SinoMed (http://www.sinomed.ac.cn/zh/) databases were searched by the first author using the keywords of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, therapy to identify the relevant articles published in English and Chinese, respectively, from 2011 to 2016. After excluding repetitive, irrelevant or Meta-analysis literatures, we enrolled 49 literatures for final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Studies on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have achieved new grades in the treatment of respiratory system disease, cardiovascular disease, urinary system disease, nervous system disease, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, hematological system disease, autoimmune disease, graft-versus-host disease, motor system disease, although its application has the risk of oncogenicity. Further investigation on the oncogenicity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells will be gradually explored, aiming to a better clinical use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Tetrodotoxin(TTX) is a potent sodium channel blocker. It can affect the generation of action potentials of cell membranes by blocking sodium channel. Damaged tissues express a Tetrodotoxin resistant(TTX R) Na + current which provides a potential target for therapeutic intervention in a range of pain states. We summarize the influence of tetrodotoxin on sodium channel and the possible mechanism of the analgesic effect.

Objective To develop an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to simultaneously detect the contents of gallic acid, syringin, phellodendrine, aesculin and rhein in the gallnut lotion. Methods An UPLC- MS/MS method was established. Separation was performed on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈(2.1 mm×150 mm, 2.7 μm)with a gradient mobile phase system of 0.2% formic water-acetonitrile solution. The flow rate was 0.3 ml/min. The temperature of column was 30 ℃. The injection volume was 2 μl. The MS detection was in dynamic MRM mode. Results gallic acid, syringin, phellodendrine, aesculin and rhein were successfully separated using this method, with good linear relationship as the ranges of 153.8-15380、10.31-1031、5.265-526.5、50.70-5070、1.054-105.4 ng/ml, respectively. The precision, repeatability, stability and recovery were good. Conclusion This UPLC-MS/MS method is stable, rapid, and reproducible., It is suitable for detecting the contents of gallic acid, syringin, phellodendrine, esculetin and in the gallnut lotion.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Analgesia ; Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Opium ; analogs & derivatives ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats

Objective To analyze the antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates in Shanghai Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , a member of China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, during 2015, for the purpose to facilitate rational antimicrobial therapy. Methods Strain identification?and?susceptibility?testing?were?carried?out?for?the?clinical?isolates?using?MicroScan?WalkAway?96?Automated?Systems and Kirby-Bauer method. Results In 2015, a total of 1815 isolates were collected, including gram-negative bacteria (73.2 %) and gram-positive bacteria (26.8 %). The top three frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ESBL-producing strains were found in 36.3 % of the Escherichia coli isolates, 12.6 % of the Klebsiella (K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca) isolates, and 28.0 % of the Proteus mirabilis isolates. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains was 0.69 % in Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strain was 29.1 % in S. aureus, and 61.4 % in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates. No more than 15 % of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates and no more than 20 % of the P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter isolates were resistant to carbapenems. No vancomycin-or linezolid-resistant strains were found in Enterococcus or Staphylococcus. Conclusions Antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates are a serious threat for clinical antimicrobial treatment. We should pay more attention to such urgent situation and rational use of antibiotics.

To study the effect of preservation temperature on the characteristics of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) granules and optimize the preservation temperature of Anammox granules, the Anammox granules were cultivated in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor through adjusting the hydraulic retention times, and the inorganic carbon with KHCO3/NaHCO3 was alternately supplied. Subsequently, the enriched Anammox granules were preserved at -40, 4 and 35 °C, and ambient temperature of (27 ± 4) °C. NaHCO3 can be used as the inorganic carbon for the growth of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium (AnAOB). The best preservation temperature was 4 °C for maintaining Anammox biomass, Anammox activity, settleability, and the integrity of the Anammox granule and AnAOB cell structure. During the preservation period, the first-order exponential decay model can simulate the decay of Anammox biomass and activity, and the decay coefficients (bAN) of Anammox biomass and activity had positive correlation with the degree of AnAOB cell lysis. Meanwhile, the rate of Anammox biomass decay was larger than that of Anammox activity. The ratio of protein to polysaccharide in extracellular polymeric substances and heme c cannot effectively indicate the changes of Anammox granules settleability and activity, respectively, and the bioactivity has a negative association with the degree of AnAOB cell lysis.
Ammonia ; chemistry ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Biomass ; Bioreactors ; Carbon ; Models, Theoretical ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sewage ; microbiology ; Temperature

Objective To investigate the relationship betwe en low-selenium diet and apoptosis of cardiac myocytes in rats and if melatonin c an have protective effects on the damage. Methods The level of myocardial MDA in rats' was measured a nd apoptosis of cardiac myocytes in rats was detected in the three groups of rat s, fed with low-selenium diet, sufficient-selenium diet and low-selenium diet plus intragastric administration of melatonin, respectively. Results The level of MDA in myocardium was significantly hi gher in low-selenium group than that in sufficient-selenium group and low-sel enium group with intragastric administration of melatonin (P