Scientific research of clinical disciplines has its own characteristics and requirements, in which the directions and topic selection are an essential step.This article introduces the author's experience in determining the directions and topics of clinical disciplinary research from the aspects of its practicality, advancement, innovativeness, feasibility and comprehensiveness, and some methods for cultivating medical graduates' ability of topic selection in clinical disciplinary research.

Objective:To study the effect of autologous supernatant of malignant pleura effusion and RPMI1640 with 10% AB+ serum on the culture of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in vitro. Methods:Isolated by the attachment method we established, TIL was cultured in either autologous supernatant of malignant pleura fluid or RPMI1640 with 10% AB+ serum, and various types of cytokines such as (IL-2,) PHA and antibody against CD3 (OKT3) were added into both cultures. The proliferation as well as the killing activity and the phenotype changes of TIL cultured in the two kinds of cultures were compared. Results:There was no difference in the proliferation or the killing activity in vitro as well as the phenotype changes of TIL between the two kinds of cultures. Conclusion: Autologous supernatant of malignant pleura fluid could be used as TIL culture medium. The method described here made it possible for TIL to be cultured in vitro for a short time, and then reinfused back to thorax for further expanding and controlling the malignant pleura effusion in the presence of IL-2, and it alsominimized the risks of contamination.

Objective:To select an appropriate dosage of IL-2 for tumor infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL).Methods:Isolated by the attachment method we established,TIL was cultivated in self-supernatant of malignant pleura,with three different concentrations of IL-2,such as 6000u per ml,6000u per ml for the first administration followed by 1000u per ml,or 1000u per ml.The expansion,killing activity and phenotype changes of TIL cultured in different cultures were assessed.Results:As cultured in self-supernatant of malignant pleura fluid,the concentrations of IL-2,such as 6000u per ml or 6000u per ml for the first administration followed by 1000u per ml seemed benefit for TIL proliferation.Conclusion:6000u per ml of IL-2 for the first administration was very important.It could help TIL to activate and proliferate early.The study described here offers the possibility for TIL cultured in vitro self-supernatant of malignant pleura fluid in vitro for a short time,and then reinfuse to thorax for further expanding and controlling the malignant pleura effusion in the presence of IL-2,and thereby minimizing the risks of contamination.

CyberKnife is a newly developed technology in the field of stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy(SRS/SRT).Compared with conventional SRS/SRT,there are many advantages for CyberKnife in terms of being real-time image-guided,frameless,highly accurate,etc.Recently,it has been used to treat different types of malignant carcinoma including intracranial and extracranial tumors.This article summarized the contemporary progress of CyberKnife in the treatment of intracranial and extracranial tumors.

Inhalation chemotherapy and immunotherapy is a developed technique for respiratory neoplasm recently. It is easy manipulated with high local response and little side effects. The drugs include 5 FU,DDP, taxol, camptothecin,interleukin 2 and GM CSF, etc. Inhalation chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been successfully applied for the therapy of primary lung cancer as well as the lung metastases other tumor.

Erythrocytes, the most abundant cells in human body with excellent physiologic and morphologic characteristics, have been exploited extensively for their potential applications as drug delivering microspheres for several potential applications, including intravenous slow release of therapeutic agents, enzyme replacement therapy and drug targeting therapy. A series of methods has been tested successfully for the improvement of targeting to reticuloendothelial system.

Objective: To study the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in small cell carcinoma of cervis(SCCC) and its relationship with the clinical and pathological features,so as to predict the metastasis of SCCC,to evaluate the prognosis and to manage a proper treatment. Methods: EnVision two step immunohistochemical method was used to observe the expession of VEGF in the samples of small cell carcinoma of cervis. Results: Four samples were obtained from surgical specimens of the patients with SCCC in our hospital.In all the samples,the expression of VEGF was positive. Conclusion: VEGF is closely related with the oncogenesis and development of SCCC.In the earlier period of SCCC,the lymph node involvement and vascular invasion are common.The aggressive progression of SCCC must have something to do with the highly expression of VEGF.The expression of VEGF can be used as an index in selecting treatment and predicting prognosis of SCCC.

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The expression of nm23-H1 and p53 genes were studied with ABC immunohistochemical method in 54 cases of gastric cancer and 57 cases of colorectal cancer. The result showed that the expression of nm23-H1 was 72.2% in gastric cancer and 64.9% in colorectal cancer, respectively. No significant difference was found between the expression of this gene and lymph node metastasis of the cancers. The mutant p53 protein expression was 53.7% and 52.6% in gastric and colorectal cancers, respectively. Although it was not correlated with lymph node metastasis, its expression was significantly higher in cancers with distant metastases, suggesting that the mutant p53 protein expression may be indicative of poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancers.

Objective To evaluate the effects of double collagen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on morphology, viability and function of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat hepatocytes after cryopreservation and thawing. To investigate a kind of more ideal liver cell cultivation in situ, for offering the most basic material in liver cell transplantation.Methods Rat hepatocytes were isolated by a two-step collagenase technique and cultured in different conditions. After freeze-thaw-cycle, the viability and function of the cells were measured. Results The viability and function of hepatocytes in collagen and in collagen with EGF groups were prior to those in other groups. ( P