This article discussed the cultivation of Double Qualified Teacher for prosthetics and orthopedics education.

BACKGROUND:At present, there is no relevant systematic research about the effects of ankle-foot orthoses on lower limb muscles. OBJECTIVE:To extract the main features of the surface electromyography signals of the lower limbs from normal people with ankle-foot orthoses and to analyze the effects of the fixed ankle-foot orthoses on lower limb muscle fatigue. METHODS:Each of five male healthy young adults was respectively required to walk with and without special ankle-foot orthoses for three times. (1) Group 1, walking in a nature gait without orthoses. (2) Group 2, walking in a natural gait with ankle-foot orthoses (the ankle center was packaged over 1.0 cm by the orthoses that was recorded 1.0 cm); wearing the same orthoses but 1.0 cm in the ankle was removed and the ankle plastic edge was just through the ankle center to colect the data (recorded as 0 cm); after 1.0 cm was removed again in the ankle, walking in a natural gait (recorded as-1.0 cm). (3) Group 3, wearing 1.5 cm heel-height ankle-foot orthoses and walking in a natural gait; wearing the same orthoses but with 1.0 cm and 2.0 cm heel-height and walking in a natural gait. During walking, surface electromyography signals were colected from the biceps femoris muscle, rectus femoris muscle, tibialis anterior muscle, and gastrocnemius of the lower limbs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Without orthoses, the surface electromyography signals were the weakest. (2) For any muscle, the electrical activity of subjects without orthoses was weaker than that of subjects wearing orthoses at different hardness. (3) For the biceps femoris muscle, the integral electrical value without orthoses was very close to that wearing orthoses with normal heel height. Meanwhile, these two values were lower than that wearing orthoses with abnormal heel height. These findings indicate that the fixed plastic ankle-foot orthoses could cause the fatigue of the biceps femoris muscle, rectus femoris muscle, tibialis anterior muscle, and gastrocnemius; and the orthoses with abnormal heel height can further increase the fatigue of the biceps femoris muscle.

This article discussed the problem of assistive technology curriculum in higher vocational education school, and the reform in the future.

[Objective]This study was designed to investigate the effects of 5-aminoimidasole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR)on activity of transcription factor Forkhead O 3a(FOXO3a)and expression of ubiquitin ligase muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx),and to explore the role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)on proteolysis pathways in eardiomyocytes.[Methods]The effect of AICAR on activation of AMPK was observed.Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes was treated with AICAR in different concentration.Cultured cardiomyocytes were then divided into three groups:control group,AICAR group,AICAR+Compound C group.Effects of AMPK activation on phosphorylation of FOXO3a and expression of MAFbx in cardiomyocytes were detected using Western blot.[Results]①Compared with control group,activity of AMPK in cultured cardiomyocytes was increased after treatment with 0.25 mmol/L or 0.5 mmol/L AICAR for 6 h(P＜0.05),and the activity of AMPK was further enhanced after treatment with 1.0 mmol/L or 2.0 mmol/L AICAR for 6 h(P＜0.01).②Activation of AMPK by AICAR significantly increased the transcriptional activity of FOXO3a(P＜0.01),and enhanced MAFbx protein expression in cardiomyocytes when comparing with control group(P＜0.01),however,specific AMPK antagonist Compound C markedly reversed these effects induced by AICAR.[Conclusion]AMPK may regulate cardiomyocytes proteolysis by activation of FOXO3a transcription factor,and up-regulation of MAFbx protein expression.

AIM: To study the effects of metformin on the pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. METHODS: Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) model of rat was made through laparotomy. One week after TAC surgery, the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8 in each group) and were administered with the corresponding drugs orally every day for 8 weeks: sham group (sham surgery, administered with 2 mL distilled water);TAC group (TAC rats, administered with 2 mL distilled water);metformin(MET) group (TAC rats, administered with MET at dose of 300 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1));MN group [TAC rats, administered with MET at dose of 300 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) plus NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)] and L-NAME group (TAC rats, administered with L-NAME at dose of 50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)). After treated for 8 weeks, the echocardiography, hemodynamics, the ratio of heart weight to body weight (HW/BW) and histological examination of the heart were performed. The levels of myocardial AMP-activated protein kinase subunit α (AMPKα), p-AMPKα~(Thr172), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and p-eNOS~(Ser1177) were detected by Western blotting. Plasma and myocardial nitric oxide (NO) were detected biochemically. RESULTS: After 8 weeks treatment, the wall thickness of left ventricle, the heart weight/body weight ratio (HW/BW), and the left ventricular myocardial perivascular fibrosis and myocardial interstitial fibrosis of the animals in TAC group were significantly increased as compared to those in sham rats. Treatment with MET for 8 weeks significantly attenuated left ventricular hypertrophy and improved cardiac function in TAC rats. These effects of MET were mostly abolished by L-NAME. Molecular biology and biochemical testing revealed that the levels of left ventricular myocardial p-AMPKα~(Thr172) and p-eNOS~(Ser1177), as well as the levels of myocardial and serum NO were significantly increased in MET group. CONCLUSION: Long-term MET treatment significantly inhibits the cardiac hypertrophy and the myocardial fibrosis and improves the cardiac functions in pressure-overload rats. The anti-hypertrophic effects of MET may be mediated via activation of AMPK-eNOS signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the possibities of routine disinfection for prosthetic sockets. Methods From June to August, 2016, 19 lower limbs prosthesis wearers wiped their prosthetic socket surfaces and sprayed the stump socks with a compound of quaternary ammoni-um salt every night for three weeks. Meanwhile, field investigation and sampling were carried out weekly. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli and Candida albicans were isolated and identified, and colony counting was carried out. Results After disinfection, the number of bacteria on the prosthetic socket reduced 1.8-3.0 log, and the number of fungi reduced 1.6-1.9 log. One strain of Staphylococcus aureus and one strain of Escherichia Coli were isolated before disinfection and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated after disinfection. Eczema and itching symptoms relieved or disappeared and deodorant effect was distinguished after continuous disinfection. Conclusion Disinfection on prosthetic sockets with compound of quaternary ammonium salt may control the microbial contam-ination and odor, reduce the incidence of eczema and other skin diseases.

Objective To analyze the status and distribution of skin squamous cell carcinoma patients with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and to explore the relationship between HPV infection and skin squamous cell carcinoma.Methods The PCR technique was used to detect HPV DNA in 290 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin tissue samples after histopathological diagnosis,and the main detector type were 6,16 and 33.Results Among 290 cases with skin squamous cell carcinoma,196 cases had positive HPV,and HPV infection rate was 63.23％.HPV infection rate in male patients was 68.37％,and the rate was 31.63％ in female patients (P ＞ 0.05).Infection rate in high differentiation group (I ～II) was 67.87％,which was significantly higher than 47.38％ in low differentiation group (Ⅲ ～ IV) (P ＜0.05).Infection rates of HPV infection in regions such as head,face,neck,arms and legs,torso,and genitals,groin were 47.96％,26.53％,7.14％,26.53％,14.29％,and there were significant differences in different parts (P ＜ 0.05).Totally 57 cases were detected with high-risk type (HPV 16,33) infection,and 53 cases were with low-risk type (HPV6) infection.Conclusion HPV infection is significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

Objective To analyze the status and distribution of skin squamous cell carcinoma patients with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and to explore the relationship between HPV infection and skin squamous cell carcinoma.Methods The PCR technique was used to detect HPV DNA in 290 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin tissue samples after histopathological diagnosis,and the main detector type were 6,16 and 33.Results Among 290 cases with skin squamous cell carcinoma,196 cases had positive HPV,and HPV infection rate was 63.23％.HPV infection rate in male patients was 68.37％,and the rate was 31.63％ in female patients (P ＞ 0.05).Infection rate in high differentiation group (I ～II) was 67.87％,which was significantly higher than 47.38％ in low differentiation group (Ⅲ ～ IV) (P ＜0.05).Infection rates of HPV infection in regions such as head,face,neck,arms and legs,torso,and genitals,groin were 47.96％,26.53％,7.14％,26.53％,14.29％,and there were significant differences in different parts (P ＜ 0.05).Totally 57 cases were detected with high-risk type (HPV 16,33) infection,and 53 cases were with low-risk type (HPV6) infection.Conclusion HPV infection is significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

Objective To explore the epidemiological and clinical feature of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HBV/HCV) co-infection in Guangzhou area,and provide evidence to elevate the diagnoses and treatment for the co-infection.Methods Data of patients with chronic HBV infection seen from April 2005 to October 2011 were retrospectively collected,and the epidemiological features of HBV/ HCV co-infection were analyzed.Patients with HBV/HCV co-infection were stratified according to the HBeAg status and the levels of HBV DNA and HCV RNA,and their clinical feature were analyzed.Results The prevalence of HBV/HCV co-infection was 1.9％ (128/6604),which was mainly seen in middle age of male populations with history of drug addiction.There were no significant differences in biochemical markers and percentage of end-stage liver disease between HBeAg positive and HBeAg negative co-infection patients.The HBV DNA positive rate in HBeAg positive patients was higher than those in HBeAg negative patients (P ＜ 0.001),while the HCV RNA positive rate was lower than those in HBeAg negative patients (P =0.007).The frequency of end-stage liver disease in HBV DNA positive patients was higher than that in HBV DNA negative patients (58.1％ vs.37.9％,P =0.027),but it was similar between HCV RNA positive and negative patients (43.6％ vs.49.2％,P =0.540).Conclusions The prevalence of HBV/ HCV co-infection in Guangzhou area in low,and the levels of HBV DNA may associate with progression of disease.

AIM: To establish individualized drug therapy strategy for patients with rejection and hyperglycemia after liver transplantation. METHODS: Clinical pharmacist collaborated with the surgeons and participated in the diagnosis and treatment of rejection and hyperglycemia after liver transplantation. Taking together liver function, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug-drug interactions between tacrolimus and wuzhi capsule, individualized drug therapy was adapted to improve the prognosis. RESULTS: The patient recovered well and survived in good health till now. CONCLUSION: It is highly suggested that clinical pharmacists actively involved in treatment of more severe and difficult-to-treat disease and design the individualized dosing regimens. This will largely contribute in reduced adverse drug reaction, improved safety and effectiveness in drug use as well as the quality of life in the "post-transplantation era".