The author presented an overview to the development of standardization of assistive devices for persons with disability in China and an analysis to the characteristics and existing problems in the field of standard of assistive devices. Thus the countermeasures on development of standardization of assistive devices in China were suggested.

ObjectiveTo study the method of testing abrasion resistance of axillary crutch tips. MethodsA test method based on pressure analysis in normal use of axillary crutches was suggested, which characterized: put 450 N on axis of the tip; the tip or text surface sway 60° for 500000 times in frequency of 40 /min; maximal abrasion thickness after test should be less than 3.3 mm. Experimental facilities were established to carry out fatigue test of wearability. ResultsThe test method suggested can reflect tips abrasion in real context. ConclusionThe text method can be used for tips abrasion and fatigue resistance adjustment.

The article introduced the concept and principles of universal design and discusses the strategies of research and development of universal design products based on the principles. The universal design benefits not only elder people and persons with disabilities, but also benefits other people without disabilities and the manufacturers of such products. The principles of universal design should be integrated in related policies and blueprints of future development in order to provide "reasonable accommodation" with universal design products to the widest possible range of people.

Objective:To study influence study of near and long term survival rate on different resection regions for patients with gastric cancer in M region.Methods:110 patients with M region gastric cancer received treatment in our hospital were divided into observation group(with total gastrectomy) 57 cases and control group (with subtotal gastrectomy) 53 cases,compared with clinical pathology data and radical degree,two groups of patients' operation index,and local recurrence rate and near and long term survival rate in the two groups.Results:Two groups of patients were compared with clinical pathology data and radical degree,the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).The observation group's nearly cutting edge outside distance and lymph nodes were significantly higher than the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).The recurrence rate(3.51％) and recurrence rate (15.79％) of the observation group were significantly less than the control group of 16.98％ and 33.96％,and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The 1 and 3 year survival rates of the observation group were compared with the control group,the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).But the 5 year survival rate of the observation group was 57.89％,which was significantly higher than that in the control group of 35.85％,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusions There is no significant difference in the survival rate of total gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer in M region and total gastrectomy,but the long-term survival rate is higher,it is worthy of clinical attention.

Objective To explore the effects of tamoxifen on the proliferation of SHG-44 glioma cells and the currents of sodium channel. Methods The cell activity was detected by MTT. The alteration of cellular proliferation and apoptosis were dectected by flow cytometer. Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the Na currents.Results After treatment with tamoxifen,the cells began aging and shedding and cell counting decreased.The cells in G2/M cell cycle were more than that in control and the apoptosis ration increased. Tamoxifen significantly decreased the amplitude of Na currents of SHG-44 cell line.This blocking effect was dose-dependent and voltage-dependent.When the holding potential was 0 mV, 8 ?mol/L tamoxifen could block this currents by 69%.The half inhibition concentration(IC50) was 5.54 ?mol/L. Conclusion Tamoxifen can inhibit SHG-44 glioma cells proliferation.The inhibion of sodium channel may be one of its mechanisms.

Objective To explore the efficacy of case analysis and problem discussion in teaching the course of introduction to clinical medicine for law majors and to discuss their influence on cultivating students' ability and quality.Methods Totally 58 students were randomly divided into three groups:trial group A(n =20),trial group B (n =16) and control group (n =22).Trial group A was further randomly divided into six groups.Teaching contents included iron deficiency anemia and acute leukemia.Trial group A and trial group B adpoted case analysis and problem discussion while control group practiced traditional classroom teaching.Results of theoretical test were processed through one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference,using SPSS 11.5 software.Self-evaluation of teaching effects on students'specialized learning,logic thinking and knowledge of diseases were analyzed by Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.Influences of different teaching methods on self learning ability,summarizing ability,team cooperation consciousness and lateral thinking were evaluated after lecture.Results Exam results showed no difference between trial group A and control group (P =0.564),the students in trial group A had a significant higher score than those in trial group B (P =0.004).100％ and 75.0％ students in trial group A considered the course of introduction to clinical medicine helpful concerning knowledge of diseases and students' specialized learning,higher than those of 77.3％ and 40.9％ in control group,with statistical differences(P =0.049,P =0.026).Positive evaluation rates of self learning ability,summarizing ability,team cooperation consciousness and lateral thinking were 100％,70.0％,80.0％,60.0％ in trial group A ;75.0％,68.8％,62.5％,81.3％ in trial group B;22.7％,36.4％,4.5％,27.3％ in control group.Except for summarizing ability,students in trial group A and B were significantly better than those in control group(P＜0.05).Conclusions The teaching method of case analysis and problem discussion meets the needs of versatile legal personnel training and it can stimulate students' study interest as well as improve their professional quality and ability.

Objective To explore the anomalous effects of India buead and coix seed powder on phlegm-dampness constitution dyslipidemia through population-based intervention studies. Methods According to the experimental results of the model group with dyslipidemia, the phlegm-dampness population meeting the inclusion criteria were chosen as the samples for the randomized controlled trial, who were divided into test meal (21 males and 39 females) and blank control (23 males and 37 females) groups with 60 cases in each, aged 18 to 65 y and the total of 120 cases completed the study. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 18.0 statistical software. The self comparison wass conducted by the method of paired-sample t test and the comparison between groups was conducted by using independent sample t test. The categorical statistics were described as frequency and compared throughc2 test, P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Without changing the original way of life, the meal group having taken the India buead and coix seed powder was compared independently and with the control group for TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C to detect the trends and degrees of the level changes. Meanwhile, according to efficacy tests and standards, the changes in the level of TC, TG and HDL-C have been evaluated and the efficiency and total effective rates of all the variables have been calculated. Results After the intervention, there was a declining tendency in each variable, 8.9%in TC, 21.4%in TG, and 27.2%in LDL-C, except for an increase of 0.13 mmol/L in HDL. There were significant differences in the variables before and after the intervention (P<0.05 in each). As for the test meal group after the intervention, the effectiveness of TC has been obtained in 25 cases and inefficacy in 35 cases, with efficiency of 41.7%;the effectiveness of TG has been shown in 53 cases and inefficacy in 7 cases, with efficiency of 88.3%;the effectiveness of HDL-C has been gained in26 cases and inefficacy in 34 cases, with efficiency of 43.3%; and the total effective rate was 57.8%. Conclusions There are significant changes and improvements in TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in the test meal group after the intervention with the powder, which demonstrate that the powder is effective in the reduction of TG for animals with dyslipidemia and populations with phlegm-dampness constitution.

Objective To explore the method and feasibility of preparing MTX+VCR-loaded erythrocytes using healthy adult erythrocytes. Methods We used the modified hypotonic pre-swelling and isotonic resealing technique to prepare MTX+VCR-loaded erythrocytes. The loading parameters and releasing rate were evaluated with high penformance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and auto-cytoanalysis. We observed the osmotic fragility of MTX+VCR-loaded erythrocytes conventionally. The change in innate immune activity of co-encapsulated erythrocytes was measured by counting the rosette rate of MTX+VCR-loaded erythrocytes adhering to S180. Results The concentration of MTX showed significant influence on the co-encapsulation efficiency (P0.05). Conclusions The preparation and biological characteristics of MTX+VCR-loaded erythrocytes were not different from those of mono-loaded erythrocytes, and erythrocytes were practically capable to be used as carriers for co-encapsulation of MTX and VCR.

Objective To explore the optimal method and condition for controlling release of vincristine (VCR) from VCR-loaded erythrocytes and enhancing the stability of carrier erythrocytes. Methods Erythrocytes were loaded into human erythrocytes using the modified hypotonic pre-swelling and isotonic resealing technique, and then with VCR, and they were treated with glutaraldehyde in concentration of 0.16% and 0.25% respectively. After storing at 4℃ for indicated time, the amount of VCR was determined with HPLC to compare their drug-release rate, and the degree of hemolysis in the supernatants was observed to compare the fragility of VCR-loaded erythrocytes treated with 0.16% glutaraldehyde with that with 0.25%, VCR-loaded erythrocytes treated with PBS, and VCR-loaded erythrocytes exposed to different hypotonic sodium chloride in different concentrations. Results The VCR-accumulated release rate increased in glutaraldehyde-treated VCR-loaded erythrocytes as well as untreated group during preservation. The VCR-accumulated release rate of 0.25% glutaraldehyde-treated group decreased by 71.67?4.20%, which was significantly slower than untreated VCR-loaded erythrocytes and 0.16% glutaraldehyde-treated group. After storing at 4℃ for 21 days, no significant changes at erythrocyte morphology was found in VCR-loaded erythrocytes treated with 0.25% glutaraldehyde, whereas untreated VCR-loaded erythrocytes and those treated with 0.16% glutaraldehyde can be stored only for 5d and 7.5d respectively. As compared to un-treated VCR-loaded erythrocytes, no significant change of osmotic fragility was seen in 0.25% glutaraldehyde-treated group, but significant increase in osmotic fragility was seen in 0.16% glutaraldehyde-treated group. Conclusion 0.25% glutaraldehyde could optimally block the membrane of VCR-loaded human erythrocytes and enhance their stability.

Aim To establish a resistant human osteosarcoma cell line(Saos-2/ADM1and Saos-2/ADM4)from the Saos-2 cell line and study its resistant mechanisms.Methods Saos-2 cells were pulse exposed in gradually increased dose of ADM culturemedium.The sensitivity of the resistance drug from the Saos-2、Saos-2/ADM1 and Saos-2/ADM4 cell lines to ADM、DDP、EPI、MTX、THP and PTX was measured by MTT assay.The morphology and ultramicro structure of the cell lines were observed by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy.The expression level of MDR1 mRNA、MRP mRNA and their proteins P-gp、MRP was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.Results Resistance cell lines were established after 167 days.The resistance index to methotrexate of the Saos-2/ADM1and Saos-2/ADM4 cell lines to ADM was 49.8 and 74.6 times than that of Saos-2 respectively.The two cell lines had resistance to MTX、IFO、EPI、THP and PTX(P0.05).Disordered structure of the Saos-2/ADM1and Saos-2/ADM4 cells was observed through microscopy.The cells appeared in coenocytic.The decrease of cell villus and the increase of nucleoli were observed through transmission electronic microscopy.The proliferation ability of Saos-2/ADM1and Saos-2/ADM4 cells decreased significantly.MDR1 mRNA、MRP mRNA、P-gp and MRP showed positive staining in resistance cell lines.Conclusion The genes of MDR1 mRNA、MRP mRNA and their corresponding proteins participated in the formation of multidrug resistance in resistant adriamycin cell line.These newly-described resistant osteosarcoma cell lines were useful models for further characterization of drug resistance in osteosarcoma and for the development of treatment protocol.