Objective To observe the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on acute nociception in rat hindpaw induced by purine 2X (P2X) receptor agonists, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ?, ?-meATP, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2), and substance P (SP). Methods The effects of TMP administered intraplantarlly on the acute nociception induced by P2X receptor agonists, PGE 2, or SP in the rat hindpaw were investigated by the method of the behavioral study. Results TMP (10 mmol/L) significantly depressed the acute nociception induced by ATP (1 ?mol/L) or ?, ?-meATP (0.6 ?mol/L) in the rat hindpaw. TMP (10 mmol/L) could inhibit the acute nociception induced by PGE 2 (5 ?mol/L) or ?, ?-meATP (0.2 ?mol/L) coinjected with PGE 2 (5 ?mol/L). TMP (10 mmol/L) could not affect the acute nociception induced by ?, ?-meATP (0.2 ?mol/L) coinjected with SP (10 ?mol/L). TMP could not obviously affect the inflammatory edema in rat hindpaw induced by the local administration of PGE 2, SP, or ?, ?-meATP coinjected with PGE 2 or SP individually. Conclusion The antinociceptive effects of TMP may mainly be associated with inhibiting the transmission of nociceptive information mediated by P2X receptor activation.

AIM:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone (Pio),a potent agonist of peroxi-some proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR?),on the traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. METHODS:SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham group,vehicle + TBI group,Pio + TBI group and Pio + T0070907 + TBI group. TBI was induced by the method of controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Neutral red staining technique was used to determine the cortical lesion volume. NeuN,GFAP and OX -42 were measured by immunohistochemical technique to evaluate the morphology of neurons,activation and infiltration of astrocytes and microglia at the edge of cortical lesion. RE-SULTS:CCI injury in rat elicited activation and proliferation of the astrocytes and microglia. The glial scar wall formation at the edge of cortical lesion,which was accompanied by the loss of neurons,was observed. Pio significantly reduced the cortical lesion volume,the activation and infiltration of the astrocytes and microglia,and the loss of pyramidal neurons at the edge of cortical lesion. T0070907,an antagonist of PPAR?,reversed the effects of Pio. CONCLUSION:Pioglitazone exerts a neuroprotective efficacy,attenuates the loss of neurons and cortical lesion volume following CCI injury by inhibiting the activation and infiltration of astrocytes and microglia,especially glial scar formation.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of needle-sharing behavior among intravenous drug users (IDUs).Methods Data regarding socio-demographics,drug abuse characteristics and HIV related health literacy of 474 heroin IDUs were collected.Antisocial personality disorder of IDUs was diagnosed through Mini international neuropsychiatric interview.Results The prevalence of needle sharing among IDUs was 53.8％.Needle-sharing behavior of IDUs was significantly associated with male gender,marital status of being single and separated/divorced,local dwelling,an early age of first drug abuse and antisocial personality disorder (OR =1.11 ～ 6.69,P＜0.05).Conclusion Heroin IDUs have high prevalence of needle sharing.A comprehensive social,behavior and psychology based intervention is needed to effectively prevent HIV infection in IDUs.

ObjectiveTo establish a method for content determination of total iridoid compounds and baldrinal and 11-ethoxyviburtinal from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix; To determine the contents of total iridoid compounds and baldrinal and 11-ethoxyviburtinal in Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix from three medicinal origins.Methods UV spectrophotometry was applied, 11-ethoxyviburtinal (cyclopentane-pyran-7-formaldehyde, 4-ethoxy methyl) was set as the reference substance, and the content of total iridoid compounds was determined at 288 nm. HPLC method was used to simultaneously determine the contents of baldrinal and 11-ethoxyviburtinal. The HPLC analysis was performed on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm). The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-water in gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.95 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 288 nm and the column temperature was 30℃.Results The total iridoid compounds, baldrinal and 11-ethoxyviburtinal were in good linearity within the ranges of 2.088–14.616μg/μL, 74.88–224.64μg, and 41.6–249.6μg, respectively. This method was precise, and with good repeatability, stability and recovery rate.Conclusion The method is accurate, simple, rapid, which can be used for the quality control of Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix.

Objective To determine effect of endurance training on the expression of fatty acid translocase FAT/ CD36 in skeletal muscle of rats and the correlation between the expression and insulin sensitivity index (ISI). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups:training group(T,n=13) and control group (C, n=10). Rats in group T were trained on treadmill six days a week for 7 weeks. Fat pads around testes and kidneys were weighted for calculating the percentage of fat pads vs body weight. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG),nonesterified fatty acids(NEFA) and fasting insulin(FINS) were measured. Western blot was used to detect FAT/ CD36 protein expression in quadriceps homogenate. The relation of FAT/CD36 expression to the ISI was analyzed. Results Markedly lower body weight,percentage of fat pads, TC,NEFA, and FINS were seen in group T after 7-week endurance training comparing to that in group C(P<0.01 ,P<0.01 ,P<0.01 ,P<0.05,and P<0.05,respectively). The FAT/CD36 protein expression and ISI were significantly higher in group T than in group C(P<0.01and P<0.05). A significant correlation between FAT/CD36 and ISI were found in group T(r=0.823,P<0.01 ),nut not in group C. Conclusion Seven-week endurance training improved insulin sensitivity and up-regulated the expression of FAT/CD36 for adapting the requirement of fatty acid transportation in skeletal muscle induced by enhanced lipid catabolism after endurance exercise.

Objective To investigate the change and significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and intersititial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the small intestine of rats with postoperative ileus (POI).Methods Thirty healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group ( 15 rats) and POI group ( 15 rats) according to the random number table.The gastrointestinal transit rates of the 2 groups were detected.The distributions and expressions of iNOS and c-kit in the small intestines of the rats in the 2 groups were detected by immunohistochemical staining,and the mRNA expressions of c-kit and iNOS were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).All data were analyzed by the t test.Results Two rats in the POI group died of excessive dosage of anaesthesia or hypothermia,and the remaining 13 rats in the POI group were included in the analysis.The gastrointestinal transit rate was 42％ ± 14％ in the POI group,which was significantly lower than 64％ ± 13％ in the control group ( t =6.56,P ＜ 0.05 ).The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of cells with c-kit positive staining was 8.9 ± 2.9,which was significantly smaller than 14.4 ± 5.0 in the control group ( t =3.97,P ＜ 0.05 ).The number of cells with iNOS immune-positive reaction increased to 13.6 ±4.9,while there was nearly no cells with iNOS immune-positive reaction in the control group.The results of qRT-PCR showed that the relative mRNA expressions of c-kit and iNOS were 1.6 ± 0.8 and 2.2 ± 1.2 in the POI group,and 2.6 ± 1.1,0.5 ± 0.5 in the control group.There were significant differences on the mRNA expressions of c-kit and iNOS between the POI group and the control group ( t =2.86,4.61,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions ICC reduction and iNOS increase are observed in rats with POI.The change of the 2 factors may plav an important role in the mechanisms of POI.

Objective:Study of intensive endurance training and supplementation of herbal polysaccharide extracts on levels of IL-2, IL-4,IL-10 in serum of rats.Methods:120 Wistar Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: sedentary control group(n=20), sedentary with supplementation of APS group(n=20), sedentary with supplementation of ABPS group(n=20), training group(n=20), training with supplementation of APS group(n=20) and training with supplementation of ABPS group(n=20). After 4-week and 6-week swimming, IL-2, IL-4,IL-10 in serum of rats and supernatant of PBMC were tested through ELISA.Results:After 6 weeks training, (1) In training group, the level of IL-2 in serum was lower than that in sedentary control group(P

AIMTo study effects of genistein and daidzein on chole sterol levels in serum of ovariectomized rats. METHODS70 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: control group, model group, estrogen g roup, genistein groups of high dose and low dose, daidzein groups of high dose a nd low dose with 10 rats in each group. All rats were ovariectomized except for that of the control group. One week after operation, the soyisoflavones were ad ministrated with different dose of genestein and daidzein for 6 weeks. Six weeks after operation, the rats were killed, with serum and liver taken, and the leve ls of total serum cholesterol (sTC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL- C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and total liver homogenate ch olesterol (hTC), were measured. RESULTSThe level of sTC, hTC, LDL-C in serum of ovariectomized rats of model group increased significantly, c ompared with control group. Eestrogen reduced the levels of sTC, hTC and LDL-C, but had no effects on the levels of the HDL-C. Genistein reduced the levels of sTC, hTC and increased the level of the HDL-C, but had no effect on that of LD L-C. Daidzein reduced the levels of sTC, hTC, LDL-C, but had no effect on the level of the HDL-C. CONCLUSIONGenistein and daidzein suppressed the increase of cholesterol levels of serum in ovariectomized rats through deff erent pathways. The effect of daidzein on serum cholesterol level of rats is mor e potent than that of genistein.veloftheHDL C .CONCLUSION　Genistein

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main causes leading to the failure in cancer treatment. Differential proteins between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line EC9706 and its cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP)-resistant subline EC9706/CDDP revealed by quantitative analysis may provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of MDR implicated in ESCC. EC9706/CDDP was generated by exposure of its parental sensitive EC9706 to a step-wise increase of CDDP concentration during EC9706 cultivation. The stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was used to label EC9706 and EC9706/CDDP with heavy and light medium, separately. Mixed peptides derived from EC9706 and EC9706/CDDP were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) and subsequently subjected to bioinformatics analysis to identify differential proteins between EC9706 and EC9706/CDDP. Compared to parental EC9706, EC9706/CDDP manifested phenotypes of slow proliferation, cell pleomorphology, atypia and increased resistant-index 3.23. Seventy-four differential proteins identified in the present study belongs to various families with multiple functions, such as cytoskeleton (20%), energy metabolism (11%), transcription regulation and DNA repair (11%), redox homeostasis (9.5%), protein biosynthesis and mRNA processing (12%), ribosome constituent (8.1%), molecular chaperone (8.1%), immunity/inflammation (5.4%), intracellular transport (5.4%) and nucleosome assembly (2.7%), which indicated that development of MDR is a complicated process involving dysregulation of multiple molecules and pathways. The data is of great value for in-depth elucidation of molecular mechanisms of the MDR implicated in ESCC and may represent potential molecular targets for future therapeutic development.