Objective To investigate the clinical use of blood in Shenzhen,in order to make the blood transfusion more appropriate and safer.Methods The medical records of 2 597 blood transfusion receipts from 3 hospitals in 2006 were reviewed.The use of blood components in each department,unreasonable prescriptions of very small amount of blood transfusion,and the combined transfusion of RBC and plasma were analyzed.Results The proportion of reasonable transfusion of RBC,plasma,platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitate were 66.44%,24.65%,97.97% and 61.29%,respectively.These proportion were 91.54%,51.85%,98.86%,and 100%,respectively,in internal medicine department,and 50.22%,19.86%,89.58%,42.86%,respectively,in surgery department.Unreasonable prescription of low-volume blood transfusion and the combined transfusion of RBC and plasma were 47.05% and 51.17%.Conclusion Except for plasma transfusion,the internal medicine departments did fairly well in blood component transfusion.Since the unreasonable transfusion still exists,the clinical doctors should be further trained in the appropriate use of blood,and get rid of the old practice of whole-blood-dependence.

Objective To study the relationship between diabetic retinopathy(DR) and Landsteiner-Wiener,Indian blood group genes.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 50 DR patients,and 160 unrelated volunteer blood donors(the control).CDNA,including LW gene generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),was subjected to sequence analysis,and the genomic DNAs,extracted from each sample,were sequenced directly for LW gene and IN gene.Woolf method was used for calculating relative risk(RR).Results In the 160 control samples,there was A at the nt380 locus in Exon1 of the LW gene,which were genotyped as LWa;and there was G at the nt252 locus in Exon2 of the IN gene,which were genotyped as INb.All the 53 samples from DR patients were LWa homozygous genotypes and all INb homozygous genotypes.Conclusion These two candidate genes are not associated with the incidence of DR.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of cytokines in brain pathologic changes caused by lipopolysaccharide(LPS).Methods A rat model of LPS was established by injection with a dose of 5mg/kg LPS into thigh vein.60 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group,LPS group,naloxone+LPS group,each group included 20 rats and was subdivided into 4 subgroups(1h,2h,4h,6h respectively).In each subgroup,cerebral pathological changes and concentrations of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 in brain homogenate were investigated.Results Brain homogenate concentration of TNF-α in subgroup LPS 2h was higher than control group[(9 30±0.57) ng/g vs(8.00±0 79)ng/g,P＜0.01],other subgroups have no significant difference from control group. Naloxone group had lower TNF-α level than LPS group.Brain homogenare concentration of IL-1β in subgroup LPS 1h increased apparently[(0.56±0.08)ng/g,P＜0.01],subgroup LPS 2h had no significant change;other subgroups have no significant difference from control group.Natoxone group had lower IL-1β level than LPS group(P＜0.01).but no difference from control group.Brain homogenate concentration of IL-6 in subgroup LPS 2h and 4h were respectively(459.68±79.15)ng/g,(816.07±111.31)ng/g,significantly higher than control group[(377.22±63.73)ng/g,(369.98±34.35)ng/g,respectively].Control group had no significant cerebral pathologic changes,while LPS group showed apparent changes:edema,interstitial substance and mening vessels expanding and hyperaemia,neurosome minification,Nissl's body lost,karyopycnosm,and nucleoli abolition.Naloxone group had lighter neurocyre injuries and brain edema,especially at 2h and 4h.Conclusions After LPS injection,the level of cytokines changed as time goes by,and this fits the brain pathologic changes.Naloxone has protecnve effect on brain tissue in LPS treated rats.Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the mechanism of cerebral damage in LPS rats.

le full matching for unrelated donor-receipt pairs. However, HLA-Cw mismatching at antigen level could no longer be ignored. The results indieated that HLA-Cw genotyping should be incorporated into future CMDP unrelated marrow donor routine HLA test.

AIM:To put forward three-level design(Box-Behnken design)for fitting response surfaces to optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Hypericum ascyron L.METHODS:Four factors,including temperature,reflux time,concentration of ethanol,ratio of solvent to raw material were used to examine the yield of total flavonoids.Prediction was carried out through comparing the observed and predicted values.RESULTS:The results suggested that ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were two statistically significant factors.The optimum conditions of extraction process consisted of the ratio(mL:g)of solvent to material(13.3:1),ethanol concentration(53.2%),extraction temperature(78.7℃)and extraction time(2.3h).Regression coefficient of binomial fitting complex model was as high as 0.984 6.Bias between observed and predicted values was-4.01%.CONCLUSION:Box-Behnken design is success in optimizing the extaction in close agreement with the predicted values of the mathematic model.

AIM:To put forward three-level design(Box-Behnken design) for fitting response surfaces to optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Hypericum ascyron L.METHODS:Four factors,including temperature,reflux time,concentration of ethanol,ratio of solvent to raw material were used to examine the yield of total flavonoids.Prediction was carried out through comparing the observed and predicted values.RESULTS:The results suggested that ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were two statistically significant factors.The optimum conditions of extraction process consisted of the ratio(mL:g)of solvent to material(13.3:1),ethanol concentration(53.2%),extraction temperature(78.7℃)and extraction time(2.3h).Regression coefficient of bino-mial fitting complex model was as high as 0.984 6.Bias between observed and predicted values was -4.01%.CONCLUSION:Box-Behnken design is success in optimizing the extaction in close agreement with the predicted values of the mathematic model.

AIM: To study ba cteriostasis activities of ligand (2-(carboxymethoxyl) benzaldehyde benzoyl hyd razone (H 2L)) and their complexes. METHODS: Ligand H 2L and t heir complexes were synthesized. The bacteriostasis activities of H 2L and thei r complexes in vitro were tested with K-B method. RESUL TS: 2-(carboxymethoxyl) benzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone only showed bact eriostasis activities on Staphyloccus aureus and their complexes had dramatic bacteriostasis activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. Bacteri ostasis ring diameter of Cu-complex was largest. CONCLUSION: L igand H 2L complexes have bacteriostasis activities in vitro. B acteriostasis activities of Cu-complex are strongest among the complexes.

In this study, radioimmunoassay (RIA) was performed to measure the change of immunoreactive-oxytocin (ir-OT) content in rat brain' nuclei related pain modulation, spinal cord, pituitary, adrenal gland and plasma by electroacupuncture "Zusanli" (EA) for 30rnin or pain stimulation for 2min. In the EA group, OT content was decreased greatly in the hypothalamic supraoptic N., while increased significantly in the hypothalamic ventromedial N., raphe magnus N., globus pallidus, spinal cord and adrenal gland, and there were no significant change in the hypothalamic paraventricular N., raphe dorsal N., locus ceruleus, pituitary arid plasma. There were also significant changes of OT content in rat brain, spinal cord and pituitary in the pain stimulation group, which are different from those of the EA group. The above results suggest that the changes of OT content in the EA group are specific, and provide evidence for involvement of endogenous OT in the central nervous system in acupuncture analgesia

Methods including stimulation, cauterization, of nuclei and measurement of pain threshold were used to clarify the role of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) in pain regulation. Results showed that electrical or L-glutamate sodium stimulation of PVH could elevate the pain threshold in the rat dose-dependently, electrical cauterization of PVH could reduce the pain threshold; and removal of the pituitary gland could not influence the effect of L-glutamate sodium on pain threshold. These results suggest that PVH may play an important role in pain regulation.

The association of coagulation function with progressive proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients was retrospectively analyzed.With increasing microalbuminuria,fibrinogen level was increased significantly.Fibrinogen was an independent risk factor of microalbuminuria. In patients as the early-stage diabetic nephropathy (DN)progressed to clinical-stage DN,the baseline level of fibrinogen was also increased [ ( 3.5 ± 0.9 vs 3.0 ± 0.6 ) g/L,P＜0.05 ].Fibrinogen may serve as a useful predictor of progressive proteinuria in type 2 diabetes.