The history of international spread of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion is divided into three sta ges in this paper, and the spreading characteristics are analyzed. The first stage is approximately from the 6th century to the end of the 15th century, during which acupuncture and moxibustion were spread to neighboring countries by personnel exchanges; the spread towards Korean peninsula, Japan and Vietnam was considered the most successful communication. The second stage lasts from the beginning of 16th century to 1970. At the early time of this stage, the employees of the Dutch East Indian Company introduced acupuncture and moxibustion to European countries through Indonesia and Japan, leading to a short and small fashion; also the United States and Australia were involved. At the late time of this stage, by medical aid teams dispatched by China government, acupuncture and moxibustion were introduced to African countries. The third stage starts from 1971. With the establishment of Sino-US diplomatic relations as an opportunity, acupuncture and moxibustion were being spread rapidly to the world through radio, TV and internet. So far it has been introduced to more than 140 countries and areas. Performing serious studies on the spreading characteristics of three stages will promote the international communication of acupuncture and moxibustion, by which the world will have a better understanding onthe broad and profound traditional cultures of China.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; Europe ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Internationality ; Japan ; Moxibustion ; history ; United States

Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; instrumentation ; China ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Needles ; history

ObjectiveTo study the rehabilitation for the forearm rotation function handicap after the fracture of radius. Methods53 patients with the forearm rotation function handicap after operation for the fracture of radius were reviewed. ResultsThe patients were followed up for 2～7 years. The angles of pronation and supination in forearm were 23.47° and 34.42° before treatment, and were 66.59° and 78.56° after treatment （P<0.01）. The patients with the course of disease less than 2 months procured better forearm rotation function the those more than 2 months （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe forearm rotation function need to be prevented and rehabilitated early after the fracture of radius.

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Muscular Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy

? The choroidal vasculature provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina, and is responsible for maintaining the highly metabolically active photoreceptor cells. The normal structure and function of its vascular system is very important for the retina. So it is more meaningful to observe the choroid morphology for tracking pathological changes in diabetic retinopathy. With the application of the high resolution optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) technology, spectral -domain optical coherence tomography ( SD - OCT ) enhanced depth imaging technology can be used to measure the choroidal thickness quantitatively, which provides a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the research and progress of choroidal thickness on diabetic retinopathy by OCT are summarized as follows.

Objective To investigate the expression and correlation of serum n-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide(NT-pro BNP) and procalcitonin in patients with sepsis.Methods A total of 120 patients with sepsis and 40 healthy volunteers(control group) were enrolled.Sepsis patients were divided into general sepsis group,severe sepsis group and septic shock group according to the severity of the disease,each group of 40 cases.According to the prognosis of patients admitted to hospital after 28 d,all patients were divided into survival group and death group.Serum NT-pro BNP,PCT levels and acute physiology and chronic health status scores (APACHE-Ⅱ) were recorded.Results Compared with the control group,the serum levels of NT-pro BNP,PCT were significantly higher in sepsis group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05);As sepsis progressed,serum NT-pro BNP,PCT level and APACHE Ⅱ score were significantly increased among 3 groups(P<0.05).The serum levels of PCT,serum NT-pro BNP and APACHE Ⅱ score in the death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The sensitivity and specificity of serum NT-pro BNP were 81.34% and 86.27% and PCT was 83.08% and 88.61%,respectively.The level of serum NT-pro BNP and serum PCT levels were positively correlated (r=0.826,P<0.05),the serum NT-pro BNP level correlated with the APACHE Ⅱ score positively (r=0.756,P<0.05),serum PCT level and APACHE Ⅱ score were positively correlated (r=0.702,P<0.05).Conclusion Prediction and assessment of disease severity in patients with sepsis and survival have important clinical application value of serum NT-pro BNP and PCT levels in BNP.

Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; adverse effects ; Peri-Implantitis ; etiology ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; etiology ; Risk Management ; Root Resorption ; etiology ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; therapy ; Tooth Root ; injuries

China ; Humans ; Orthodontic Appliances

Objective To study the forearm angulation deformities and observe its influence on the rotation function of the forearm.The importance of the interosseous to forearm rotation function was also analyzed. Methods Eight human cadaver specimens, with the forearm superfical and deep fascia, antebranchial extensor and flexor groups dissected off were used to study the origin and insertion of the pronator teres and supinator, and the movements of the fibers of the interosseous membrane and oblique cord during forearm rotation. Single and double fracutures of the radius and the ulna were produced in ten other human cadaver upper limb specimens with the pronator teres， supinator， interosseous membrane， oblique cord， proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint preserved. The fractures were fixed with plates and screws, and were made into models with different directions and degrees of angulation deformity. The upper limb were fixed with elbow at 90? of flexion in order to observe the effects of angulation deformities upon the forearm rotation function. Results The oblique cord and the upper third interosseous membrane fibres control the excessive pronation of the forearm while the middle and lower third interosseous membrane fibres control the excessive supination; so the oblique cord and interosseous membrane limited the rotation range of the forearm. The forearm angulate deformity resulted from single or double fractures are both be able to cause the forearm rotational disturbance; when the angular deformity exceeds 5? , disturbance of rotational function of the forearm will occur. The disorder of interosseous membrane and the oblique cord, the slope of the articulus radio-ulnaris distalis and proximalis and the osseous obstruction are the main causes of the disturbance of rotation function. Conclusion The interosseous membrane limits the scope of forearm rotation and the deformity of angulation can cause the hindrance of the forearm rotation.

Heart Failure ; Humans ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Prognosis