Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; instrumentation ; China ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Needles ; history

The history of international spread of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion is divided into three sta ges in this paper, and the spreading characteristics are analyzed. The first stage is approximately from the 6th century to the end of the 15th century, during which acupuncture and moxibustion were spread to neighboring countries by personnel exchanges; the spread towards Korean peninsula, Japan and Vietnam was considered the most successful communication. The second stage lasts from the beginning of 16th century to 1970. At the early time of this stage, the employees of the Dutch East Indian Company introduced acupuncture and moxibustion to European countries through Indonesia and Japan, leading to a short and small fashion; also the United States and Australia were involved. At the late time of this stage, by medical aid teams dispatched by China government, acupuncture and moxibustion were introduced to African countries. The third stage starts from 1971. With the establishment of Sino-US diplomatic relations as an opportunity, acupuncture and moxibustion were being spread rapidly to the world through radio, TV and internet. So far it has been introduced to more than 140 countries and areas. Performing serious studies on the spreading characteristics of three stages will promote the international communication of acupuncture and moxibustion, by which the world will have a better understanding onthe broad and profound traditional cultures of China.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; Europe ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Internationality ; Japan ; Moxibustion ; history ; United States

ObjectiveTo study the rehabilitation for the forearm rotation function handicap after the fracture of radius. Methods53 patients with the forearm rotation function handicap after operation for the fracture of radius were reviewed. ResultsThe patients were followed up for 2～7 years. The angles of pronation and supination in forearm were 23.47° and 34.42° before treatment, and were 66.59° and 78.56° after treatment （P<0.01）. The patients with the course of disease less than 2 months procured better forearm rotation function the those more than 2 months （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe forearm rotation function need to be prevented and rehabilitated early after the fracture of radius.

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Muscular Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy

? The choroidal vasculature provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina, and is responsible for maintaining the highly metabolically active photoreceptor cells. The normal structure and function of its vascular system is very important for the retina. So it is more meaningful to observe the choroid morphology for tracking pathological changes in diabetic retinopathy. With the application of the high resolution optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) technology, spectral -domain optical coherence tomography ( SD - OCT ) enhanced depth imaging technology can be used to measure the choroidal thickness quantitatively, which provides a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the research and progress of choroidal thickness on diabetic retinopathy by OCT are summarized as follows.

Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; adverse effects ; Peri-Implantitis ; etiology ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; etiology ; Risk Management ; Root Resorption ; etiology ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; therapy ; Tooth Root ; injuries

Heart Failure ; Humans ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Prognosis

China ; Humans ; Orthodontic Appliances

Objective To study the characteristics and classifications of the fractures of the talar neck as well as to define the appropriate treatments and its complications. Methods 47 patients of the fractures of the talar neck were referred to our department of orthopaedics from July 1996 to November 2001. There were 32 males and 15 females with an average age of 31.6 years. The injuries were caused by fall in 13, traffic accident in 28, and others in 6. According to Hawkins classification, there were type Ⅰwith nondisplaced vertical fracture in 6 patients, which were treated non-operatively, and immobilized with a non weight bearing short leg cast; type Ⅱ in 26 patients, and type Ⅲ in 15 patients, all of which were treated in emergency with anatomic reduction and fixation with 4.0 mm lag screws through anteromedial or anterolateral approaches of the ankle. Otherwise, the arthrodesis of subtalar joint in type Ⅲ fracture were primarily performed as well. The ankles were immobilized until the fracture healed. Results The patients were followed up 2 to 5 years (average, 3.6 years). By the assessment of clinical effects depending on the complaints, functions and radiological results of the ankle and subtalar joint, 17 patients were rated as excellent, 22 patients good, 5 fair, and 1 poor, the total rate of excellent and good was 83.0%. Osteonecrosis occurred in 8 patients with 3 of type Ⅱ and 5 of type Ⅲ fractures. 3 of 4 patients with talar displacement were found with osteonecrosis or painful arthritis. The subtalar arthrosis occurred in 6 patients, 4 of which were associated with ankle arthrosis. 3 patients underwent arthrodesis because of painful arthritis of the subtalar joint or osteonecrosis of the talar body. Anteromedial skin necrosis of the ankle developed in 1 patient. Conclusion If the fracture of talar neck is not managed appropriately as early as possible, its complications are common, the fractures should be treated in emergency to reduce the incidence of posttraumatic osteonecrosis, arthrosis and malunion of the fractures.

Objective To study the forearm angulation deformities and observe its influence on the rotation function of the forearm.The importance of the interosseous to forearm rotation function was also analyzed. Methods Eight human cadaver specimens, with the forearm superfical and deep fascia, antebranchial extensor and flexor groups dissected off were used to study the origin and insertion of the pronator teres and supinator, and the movements of the fibers of the interosseous membrane and oblique cord during forearm rotation. Single and double fracutures of the radius and the ulna were produced in ten other human cadaver upper limb specimens with the pronator teres， supinator， interosseous membrane， oblique cord， proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint preserved. The fractures were fixed with plates and screws, and were made into models with different directions and degrees of angulation deformity. The upper limb were fixed with elbow at 90? of flexion in order to observe the effects of angulation deformities upon the forearm rotation function. Results The oblique cord and the upper third interosseous membrane fibres control the excessive pronation of the forearm while the middle and lower third interosseous membrane fibres control the excessive supination; so the oblique cord and interosseous membrane limited the rotation range of the forearm. The forearm angulate deformity resulted from single or double fractures are both be able to cause the forearm rotational disturbance; when the angular deformity exceeds 5? , disturbance of rotational function of the forearm will occur. The disorder of interosseous membrane and the oblique cord, the slope of the articulus radio-ulnaris distalis and proximalis and the osseous obstruction are the main causes of the disturbance of rotation function. Conclusion The interosseous membrane limits the scope of forearm rotation and the deformity of angulation can cause the hindrance of the forearm rotation.