Objective:To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale (A.marginale) and Anaplasma ovis from sheep and goat in different highland pasture in west of lran.Methods:From July 2015 to October 2015,370 blood samples of sheep and goat were collected fiom different regions in Hamedan province,Iran.The DNA extracted fiom blood and subsequently,16S rRNA and MSP4 genes were analyzed by nested-PCR,semi nested-PCR and RFLP methods.Results:In the PCR assessment,overall 27.5％ (102/370) of sheep and goat were positive for Anaplasma ovis and A.margiule infection,which was lower than reports from tropical and subtropical regions of lran.Statistical analysis (the Chi-square test) did not show any significant relation between infection and variables such as location,tick infestation age and sex (P ＞ 0.05).No significant correlation between the altitude and the Anaplasma species infection was found (Mann-Whitney test:P ＞ 0.05).However,Anaplasma infection in goat significantly is more than the sheep (P =0.008).Conclusions:The ecological changes affect the frequency and distribution of Anaplasma species.Furthermore,our results indicate that sheep as potential reservoirs ofA.marginale.

Objective: This study examined the association between chronological age and pulp to tooth (P/T) volume ratio in dogs using computed tomography (CT) of the right maxillary canine and right maxillary fourth premolar (PM4) teeth. Methods: Ninety-five canine skulls, aged five to 216 months, were examined using a twoslice CT scan machine. Volumetric analyses of the right maxillary canine and PM4 were performed. Statistical analysis, including Spearman's correlation and regression analysis, was conducted to assess the relationship between age and the P/T volume ratio. Results: This study included 60 male and 35 female dogs, with no significant age difference between genders (p = 0.655). A strong negative correlation was observed between age and the P/T volume ratio for the right maxillary canine (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and PM4 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001) teeth. Logarithmic regression models provided a better fit for age prediction (R2 = 0.78 for the right maxillary canine, R2 = 0.67 for PM4) compared to linear models. Conclusions and Relevance: CT-based volumetric analysis of the P/T ratio in the right maxillary canine and PM4 teeth offers a precise, non-invasive method for estimating the age of dogs. This technique can improve the accuracy of age estimations, particularly in forensic and clinical settings, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers.

Objective: This study examined the association between chronological age and pulp to tooth (P/T) volume ratio in dogs using computed tomography (CT) of the right maxillary canine and right maxillary fourth premolar (PM4) teeth. Methods: Ninety-five canine skulls, aged five to 216 months, were examined using a twoslice CT scan machine. Volumetric analyses of the right maxillary canine and PM4 were performed. Statistical analysis, including Spearman's correlation and regression analysis, was conducted to assess the relationship between age and the P/T volume ratio. Results: This study included 60 male and 35 female dogs, with no significant age difference between genders (p = 0.655). A strong negative correlation was observed between age and the P/T volume ratio for the right maxillary canine (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and PM4 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001) teeth. Logarithmic regression models provided a better fit for age prediction (R2 = 0.78 for the right maxillary canine, R2 = 0.67 for PM4) compared to linear models. Conclusions and Relevance: CT-based volumetric analysis of the P/T ratio in the right maxillary canine and PM4 teeth offers a precise, non-invasive method for estimating the age of dogs. This technique can improve the accuracy of age estimations, particularly in forensic and clinical settings, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers.

Objective: This study examined the association between chronological age and pulp to tooth (P/T) volume ratio in dogs using computed tomography (CT) of the right maxillary canine and right maxillary fourth premolar (PM4) teeth. Methods: Ninety-five canine skulls, aged five to 216 months, were examined using a twoslice CT scan machine. Volumetric analyses of the right maxillary canine and PM4 were performed. Statistical analysis, including Spearman's correlation and regression analysis, was conducted to assess the relationship between age and the P/T volume ratio. Results: This study included 60 male and 35 female dogs, with no significant age difference between genders (p = 0.655). A strong negative correlation was observed between age and the P/T volume ratio for the right maxillary canine (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and PM4 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001) teeth. Logarithmic regression models provided a better fit for age prediction (R2 = 0.78 for the right maxillary canine, R2 = 0.67 for PM4) compared to linear models. Conclusions and Relevance: CT-based volumetric analysis of the P/T ratio in the right maxillary canine and PM4 teeth offers a precise, non-invasive method for estimating the age of dogs. This technique can improve the accuracy of age estimations, particularly in forensic and clinical settings, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers.

Objective: This study examined the association between chronological age and pulp to tooth (P/T) volume ratio in dogs using computed tomography (CT) of the right maxillary canine and right maxillary fourth premolar (PM4) teeth. Methods: Ninety-five canine skulls, aged five to 216 months, were examined using a twoslice CT scan machine. Volumetric analyses of the right maxillary canine and PM4 were performed. Statistical analysis, including Spearman's correlation and regression analysis, was conducted to assess the relationship between age and the P/T volume ratio. Results: This study included 60 male and 35 female dogs, with no significant age difference between genders (p = 0.655). A strong negative correlation was observed between age and the P/T volume ratio for the right maxillary canine (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and PM4 (r = 0.77, p < 0.001) teeth. Logarithmic regression models provided a better fit for age prediction (R2 = 0.78 for the right maxillary canine, R2 = 0.67 for PM4) compared to linear models. Conclusions and Relevance: CT-based volumetric analysis of the P/T ratio in the right maxillary canine and PM4 teeth offers a precise, non-invasive method for estimating the age of dogs. This technique can improve the accuracy of age estimations, particularly in forensic and clinical settings, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers.

Objective To determine the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) and Anaplasma ovis from sheep and goat in different highland pasture in west of Iran. Methods From July 2015 to October 2015, 370 blood samples of sheep and goat were collected from different regions in Hamedan province, Iran. The DNA extracted from blood and subsequently, 16S rRNA and MSP4 genes were analyzed by nested-PCR, semi nested-PCR and RFLP methods. Results In the PCR assessment, overall 27.5% (102/370) of sheep and goat were positive for Anaplasma ovis and A. marginale infection, which was lower than reports from tropical and subtropical regions of Iran. Statistical analysis (the Chi-square test) did not show any significant relation between infection and variables such as location, tick infestation age and sex (P > 0.05). No significant correlation between the altitude and the Anaplasma species infection was found (Mann–Whitney test: P > 0.05). However, Anaplasma infection in goat significantly is more than the sheep (P = 0.008). Conclusions The ecological changes affect the frequency and distribution of Anaplasma species. Furthermore, our results indicate that sheep as potential reservoirs of A. marginale.