Fine particles,less than 2.5 micrometer in diameter (PM2.5),are the main components of inhalable particles.Because of their relatively small size and large surface area,PM2.5 can absorb and retain chemicals,bacteria,viruses and other toxic substances,penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract and easily reach the alveolar ducts,exerting adverse effects on the lungs.PM2.5 can also be absorbed into the bloodstream through alveolar capillaries,causing serious damage to human health.The biological effects produced by PM2.5 are frequently attributed to the oxidative stress induced by intracellular reactive oxygen species alterations and abnormal release of inflammatory mediators closely involved in the development of lung diseases.This review discusses the research advances in relationships between PM2.5 exposure and inflammatory responses and oxidative stress based on experimental researches,in vivo and in vitro studies.Recent epidemiologic investigations have shown associations between increased incidence of respiratory diseases and lung cancer from exposure to low levels of various forms of respirable fibers and particulate matter.In vivo experiments have disclosed the association between PM2.5 exposure and the exacerbation of asthma,bronchitis,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and other lung damages.Cell damage mechanisms mainly include alterations of cell signaling pathways,DNA damage,immune injury,autophagy and apoptosis.

Objective To analyze the clinical presentation and the effects on both mothers and fetuses with HELLP syndrome induced hyregtensive disorder complicating pregrancy and to investigate the effective methods for diagnosis and treatment. Methods 15 cases of HELLP syndroms were retrospectively analyzed on material and perinatal outcomes. Results In 15case of women with HELLP syndrome, all of them presented antepartum HELLP. Mean gestational age at delivery was 34 weeks. Severe maternal complications included placental abruption,DIC ,postpartum hemorrhage,fetal distress, et al. All of them underwent cesaresn section and required transfusions with blood or blood products. 1 case of perinatal death was related to placental abruption. Conclusion HELLP syndrome is a severe obstetric complication. Better prognosis may be achiveved by early diagnosis, synthetic therapy and optimal termination of pregnancy.

Objective:To explore some neuroelectrophysiological bases underlying the aggression and violence in male delinquents. Methods:47 male delinquents with official records of aggressive and violent violation and 41 normal controls were examined by resting EEG, brain evoked potentials. Results:No EEG abnormality was detected in the two groups. Compared with the normals, the male delinquents displayed prolonged V latency in auditory brainstem evoked potentials (5.8?0.1/5.5?0.1, F=9.803, P

OBJECTIVE To study the distribution of pathogens and the extent of drug resistance in surgical incision infection,and offer the first-hand information to the clinical preventive and therapeutic countermeasures.METHODS Totally 309 in-hospital patients were investigated retrospectively.RESULTS A total of 210 pathogens strains were cultured from the secretion of surgical incision infection.The dominating microorganisms were Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginoa.Among them,54 strains of ESBLs,12 strains of anti-IPM bacteria,15 strains of MRSA and 8 strains of MRCNS producing bacteria were detected.The result showed,vancomycin and imipenem still had better activities to the bacteria.CONCLUSIONS Surgical incision infection should be attached importance to.It is time to take some effective measures to supervise and control bacterial resistance.

Objective To study effects of classical intrafascial supracervical hysterectomy(CISH) on immune functions.Methods A total of 60 women with benign gynecopathy requiring a hysterectomy were randomly divided into two groups with 30 patients in each group,receiving either CISH or abdominal hysterectomy(AH).The white blood cell(WBC) count and neutrophil granulocyte percentage before and 1 day after the surgery,and peripheral T-lymphocyte subgroup(CD_3,CD_4,and CD_8),(interleukin-2)(IL-2),and interleukin-10(IL-10) 1 day before and 1 and 4 days after the surgery were measured,respectively. Results Postoperative levels of CD_3 and CD_4 in both groups decreased significantly at 1 day after operation(CISH Group: q_(CD3)=6.033,(q_CD4=4.763);AH Group: q_(CD3)=11.043,q_(CD4)=9.202;P0.05),and were significantly higher(q_(CD3)=6.531,q_(CD4)=5.269,P0.05) in the CISH Group.The IL-2 levels were significantly lower at 1 and 4 days after operation than before the operation in the AH Group((q_(1-2)=11.187),q_(1-3)=5.404,P

BACKGROUND: Recently, lithium was reported shown neuroprotective effect against apoptosis induced by a variety of insults in vitro and in vitro,but the precise mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effect remain unknown.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of lithium chloride on neuronal apoptosis and the expression of P53 or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein in the CA1 region of the hippocampus after global ischemia in gerbils.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experimental research.SETTING: Department of Anatomy of Nanjing Medical University.MATERIALS: Fifty-four healthy male gerbils weighing 50-70 g, clearing grade, were purchased from Experimental Animal Center of Zhejiang Province.METHODS: Totally 54 gerbils were randomly divided into three groups namely: sham-operation group (SH group), ischemia-reperfusion group (IR group) and lithium chloride group (LI group), with 18 in each group. SH group, IR group and LI group were further divided into 3 subgroups respectively (SH1d, SH3d, SH7d; IR1d, IR3d, IR7d; LI1d, LI3d, LI7d), according to the time of reperfusion, with 6 gerbils in each. Gerbils in LI group were injected intraperitoneally with lithium chloride 3 mEq /kg, once a day for 7consecutive days before operation. Normal saline was used instead of lithium in SH group and IR group as vehicle control. Forebrain ischemia was induced at 24 hours after the last injection of lithium chloride. After gerbils being anesthetized, the bilateral common carotid arteries were blocked with micro aneurysm clips for 5 minutes, and the micro aneurysm clips were removed and the cerebral blood flow restored. Sham-operation animals were underwent the same operation except occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries. Gerbils in each group were killed at every time points.4 μm coronal sections at 1.7-4.0 mm visual cross were cut at the level of the dorsal hippocampus. The apoptosis cells were assayed with in situ Cell Death Detection Kit, and assay of positive cell in cell apoptosis, P53 and positive NF-κB was performed with immunohistochemistry staining. The total number of TUNEL positive cells, P53 or NF-κB positive cells per image (area of 1 mm2) was counted.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuronal apoptosis and expression of P53 or NF-κB protein in the CA1 region after cerebral ischemic reperfusion.apoptosis cell in cerebral hippocampus CA1 region: No TUNEL positive cells were detected in SH group, a large majority of TUNEL positive cells were detected in the CA1 region in IR group on the 3rd day after reperfusion [(552.0±145.5, 142.4±103.5) pcs/mm2, t= 5.623, P ＜ 0.01], and TUNEL positive cells declined on the 7th day after reperfusion. The numbers of TUNEL positive cells in the CA1 region of LI3d, LI7d group were significantly lower than those of IR3d, IR7d group [(408.0±119.8, 156.0±108.2) pcs/mm2,CA1 region: In IR group, the expression of P53 protein was increased on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after reperfusion compared with that in SH group and cerebral hippocampus CA1 region: No NF-κB protein was expressed in SH group. In IR group, the expression of NF-κB protein was increased on the 1st day after reperfusion (78.5±25.2)/mm2, significantly increased on the 3rd day after reperfusion (176.5±35.5)/mm2 and on the 7th day after reperfusion, the expression of NF-κB protein disappeared. There were no significant statistical difference between LI group and IR group on the 1st day after reperfusion. The expression of NF-κB protein in LI group was significantly lower than that in IR group on the 3rd day after reperfusion [(64.5±30.8)/mm2,t=5.824, P ＜ 0.01].CONCLUSION: Lithium chloride can significantly suppress neuronal apoptosis after global ischemia in gerbils. The down-regulation of expression of P53 or NF-κB protein is one of the mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect by lithium chloride.

Object: To compare validity of CISA and WAIS-RC in a special group, violent adolescents with low intelligence.Method:Thirty-eight adolescents with violent delinquency were screened out by CRT (combined Raven test) with IQ lower than 85. CISA (Chinese intelligence scale for adult) and WAIS-RC (Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised Chinese version) were applied to them in different sequence.Result:CISA IQ and WAIS-RC IQ were very close to each other. The adolescents were in borderline intelligence with more impairment in verbal IQ than in performance IQ.Conclusion:CISA and WAIS-RC have same validity in identifying intelligent impairment of violent adolescents.

Objective To investigate the relationship between abnormalities of maternal serum markers in Down syndrome screening in second trimester and adverse pregnancy outcome.Methods Totally,1935 pregnant women were screened for Down syndrome with maternal serum tri marker with time-resolved fluorescence assay,including alpha fetoprotein (AFP),free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and unconjugated estriol (uE3),between 15 and 20+6 gestational weeks at Peking Union Hospital from January 1,2009 to January 31,2011,and were followed up till delivery.The relationship between incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and women with normal or abnormal levels of serum markers in Down syndrome screening was investigated.T-test or Chi-square test were applied for statistical comparison.Results (1) Among the 1935 pregnant women,normal levels of serum markers were found in 1255(normal group) and 680 were abnormal(abnormal group),in which 577 with only one abnormal serum marker,89 with two and 14 with three abnormal serum markers.According to the serum marker level,the 577 women with one abnormal serum marker were further divided into five groups,including high AFP group (n=17),low AFP group (n=114),high β-hCG group (n=242),low β-hCG group (n=139) and low uE3 group (n=65).The birth weight of infants in lower AFP group and the gestational age at delivery in low β-hCG group were greater than those in normal group [(61.3±9.1) kg vs (59.5±8.3) kg,(272.6±11.8) d vs (274.4±10.1) d,t=2.21 and 1.99,both P＜0.01].(2) The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in normal group was 42.8％(537/1255),while comparing with the abnormal group(43.7％,297/680),no statistical significance was shown (RR =1.02,P =0.71).While comparing with the normal group,the incidences of placenta previa [25.5％ (32/1255) vs 2/17,RR=4.61,P＜0.05] and abnormal placental morphology were higher in high AFP group [4.1％ (51/1255) vs 5/17,RR=7.24,P＜ 0.05],the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was higher in low AFP group [8.1％ (101/1255) vs 14.4％(16/114),RR=1.74,P＜0.05],the incidence of placenta and membrane retention was higher in high β-hCG group [3.5％ (44/1255) vs 6.2％(15/242),RR=1.77,P＜0.05],the incidence of pre-eclampsia was higher in low β-hCG group [1.7％ (21/1255) vs 6.5％ (9/ 139),RR=3.87,P＜0.05].(3) There were 89 women with two abnormal serum markers.Comparing with the normal group,the incidences of small for gestional age (SGA) infants,oligohydramnios,abruptio placenta were higher in women with low AFP but high β-hCG [SGA infants:6.9％(2/29) vs 1.8％(22/1255),RR=3.94; oligohydramnios:20.7％(6/29) vs 6.4％(80/ 1255),RR=3.24; both P＜0.05],the incidences of oligohydramnios was higher in women with both low AFP and low uE3[3/14 vs 6.4％(80/1255),RR=3.36,P＜0.05],the incidence of premature birth and GDM were higher in women with both low β-hCG and low uE3 [premature birth:2/6 vs 4.3％(54/1255),RR=7.75; GDM:3/6 vs 8.0％ (101/1255),RR=6.21; both P＜0.05].(4) There were 14 women with three abnormal serum markers.The relationship between adverse outcome and abnormal serum markers did not show any statistical significance.Conclusions The abnormality of serum markers of Down syndrome screening is closely related to adverse pregnancy outcomes,and women with abnormal serum markers should be carefully monitored during pregnancy.

Objective To investigate the clinical character istics of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN)in patients with coronary artery disease after they used contrast media.Methods 268 patients used contrast media were divided into normal coronary artery group and pathological coronary artery group according to the results of angiography.And the pathological coronary artery group were divided into lesion with single-vessel group,lesion with doublevessel group and lesion with multi-vessel(or left main vessel lesion)group.The 268 patients also were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of contrast media,low dose group,middle dose group and high dose group.Analyse the relativity of grade of coronary artery disease,dose of contrast media and level of serunl ereatinine(Scr)after determination the level of Scr.Results Scr didn't increase after received contrast media in normal coronary artery group,while increased in the pathological COronary artery group and the increase Was remarkable(P＜0.05).The morbidity of CIN in the pathological coronary artery group was up to 14.5%with statistical significance(P＜0.05)from 0%in the normal group.And the recovery of Scr was slow in pathological coronary artery group.The level of Scr was still high with statistical significance in the forth day after angiography(P＜0.05).The dosages of contrast media significandy affected on the Scr and the rate of CIN.The higher dose of contrast media,the higher rate of CIN.Conclusion The CIN could be caused in patients with coronary artery disease,the dosages of contrast media should be controlled strictly.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three-dimensional ultrasonography(3DUS) for breast cancer operation. Methods Sixty-eight patients with breast cancer were examined with two-dimensional ultrasonography(2DUS) and three-dimensional ultrasonography before operation. Results 3DUS not only improved the rate of sonography's diagnosis for breast cancer(88.2 % for two-dimension, 94.1 % for three-dimension), but also clearly showed patterns of breast lumps with the neighboring structure and the adjacent three-dimensional relations and the level of violations, such as the skin, chest muscle, chest wall, etc(the display rate is 75.0 %, 63.6 % and 60.0 % respectively). And it displayed the blood stream distribution in the mass of breast tumor more clearly and sensitively (95.6%). Conclusions 3DUS demonstrated the tumor's configuration, relations and the blood stream distribution. It had great significance in the operation for breast cancer.