Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing can enhance sports performance through a central action mediated by receptors in the mouth. This study examined the effect of a CHO mouth rinse on salivary lysozyme concentrations, mood states and running performances. Methods: Ten males recreational runners were randomised to three running trials with a 1 week recovery period between the trials. Each trial involved running at 75% maximum heart rate (HRmax) for 1 h, followed by a 15 min time trial. The participants used a CHO mouth rinse, placebo (PLA) solution or control (CON, no solution) every 15 min during the exercise. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mood states were recorded pre-, during and post-exercise. Saliva samples were collected pre-, post- and 1 h post-exercise. Results: There was no significant interaction and time effect (P > 0.05) on the salivary lysozyme concentration and running performance, but it was significant (P < 0.05) for HR and RPE (increase in all trials). However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in salivary lysozyme concentrations, running performances, HR values or RPE between the trials. Mood states were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the trials, but one of the mood sub-scales showed a significant (P < 0.001) time effect (increase fatigue in all trials). Conclusion: CHO mouth rinsing did not affect physiological parameters, salivary lysozyme concentrations, mood states or running performance among recreational runners.

Introduction: Nutrition plays a vital role in sports. Athletes must understand the importance of diet and ensure that they meet the nutrient requirements to enhance sports performance. The lack of understanding in sports nutrition will lead to poor dietary practices that can cause detrimental effects on athletic achievements. This study aims to evaluate the effects of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding sports nutrition and dietary intake among young university athletes. Methods: Twenty-one local university athletes (23.8±3.4 years) were recruited, and their anthropometric and socio-demographic data were assessed. All participants attended a 1-day sports nutrition class. The KAP-Sports nutrition questionnaire was administered. Three days of dietary intake were also recorded at the same timepoints among the participants. Results: There was a significant increment (p<0.05) in the mean scores for KAP among the participants. Total energy and total carbohydrate intakes per day were significantly increased (p<0.05). However, overall protein and fat intakes did not improve as the readings were higher than the recommended values. Conclusion: In this study, sports nutrition education improved participants’ KAP, but not the actual dietary intake. Changes in habit require more effort, with extra attention on protein and fat intakes.

Introduction: Proper nutrition is important for the health and performance of athletes. However, a lack of knowledge might lead to negative attitude and poor dietary practices. This study aimed to determine the levels of nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among male gymnasium users in Jordan. Methods:A total of 138 male gymnasium users (21.1±2.8 years) from Jordan were recruited. Their height, weight, body mass index, and age were recorded. The KAP-Sports nutrition questionnaire that contains 25 questions regarding knowledge on basic sports nutrition, 12 questions regarding usual food choices and practices, and 20 questions on attitude towards nutrition and sports-enhancing diet were administrated. Descriptive and Pearson correlation analyses were used to analyse the data. Results: Majority of the participants had moderate knowledge on sports nutrition (77.6%), neutral attitude (84.7%), and fair dietary practice (67.4%). Mean score for knowledge, attitude and practice were 18.1±2.6, 58.8±6.2, and 29.7±3.6, respectively. There was significant, weak correlation between knowledge and attitude (r=0.18, p=0.048), as well as between knowledge and practice (r=0.20, p=0.018). Conclusion: Knowledge is important to affect positive attitude and good dietary practices. However, gymnasium users in Jordan did not have a high level of knowledge that could lead to their positive attitude and good dietary practices. Thus, sports nutrition education is recommended to ensure that adequate and correct knowledge are disseminated to gymnasium users.

Introduction: The transtheoretical model (TTM) is an integrative model of intentional change consisting of stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy. This study aimed at validating the TTM questionnaires on physical activity for Malaysian children using confirmatory factor analysis. Methods: The participants were 381 Malay students (188 male; 193 female), aged 10–12 years old, with a mean age of 10.94 (SD = 0.81). The original version of the TTM was translated into the Malay language using forward and backward translation. Certain phrases were adapted based on the local culture and vocabulary suitable for primary school students. Results: The final measurement models and their fit indices were: processes of change (CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.925, SRMR = 0.040, RMSEA = 0.030); decisional balance (CFI = 0.897, TLI = 0.864, SRMR = 0.045, RMSEA = 0.038); and self-efficacy (CFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.915, SRMR = 0.042, RMSEA = 0.032). Conclusion: Care must be taken when using the TTM with children, as it has been prevalently validated with adults. The final version of the TTM questionnaire for Malay primary school children had 24 items for process of changes, 13 items for self-efficacy and 10 items for decisional balance.

The aim of this review was to document the recently reported prevalence and risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the last ten years. A scoping review of studies released between 2011 and 2021 was done. The main findings on selected studies’ prevalence and risk factors were summarised. Thirty-seven studies in total were chosen. The overall data on COPD prevalence was 1.3-36.7%, and the average incidence rate was 9.1%. The risk factors of COPD prevalence were identified as unchangeable risk factors (gender, age, family history of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and environmental temperature and humidity) and changeable risk factors (outdoor and indoor air pollution, cigarette smoking, occupational exposure, low education, low household income, obesity, underweight, physical inactivity, and cooking method). The highest changeable risk factors were cigarette smoking, indoor air pollution, and occupational exposure. In contrast, the lowest changeable risk factors were physical inactivity and cooking methods. Changeable risk factors significantly increase COPD risks. The COPD caused by household emissions from biofuel cooking in low-income rural areas deserves attention. Emphasis on healthy lifestyle interventions and economic and educational policies to reduce environmental impacts may prevent COPD.