In Egypt, protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD) was carried out using a sheep poxvirus (Kenyan strain) vaccination strategy. In the present study 15 skin nodules from LSD suspected cows and 5 scab samples from sheep pox (SP) suspected sheep were collected. Hyperimmune rabbit sera to Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)/Ismailyia88 strain and sheep pox virus (SPV)/ Kenyan vaccinal strain were prepared. The causative agent in the collected samples was identified using immunoflourescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase techniques. Of the 15 skin nodules suspected of LSD, 10 showed a positive reaction and 3 out of 5 skin scabs suspected of sheeppox were found to be positive. An antigenic correlation between field skin isolate of LSDV, tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain, field skin isolate of SPV and SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain was studied using prepared hyperimmune sera. Also, nucleotide sequence of the PCR amplified attachment gene fragments of field skin isolate of LSDV, tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain, field skin isolate of SPV and SPV /Kenyan vaccinal strain were compared. The results revealed that the four used viruses were antigenically identical. Sequence analysis indicated that field skin LSDV isolate is more related to tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain than to vaccinal SPV/ Kenyan strain and the skin isolate of SPV is more closely related to field skin isolate of LSDV than to SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain. Thus, further study should be applied on the advantage of a LSD vaccine prepared from LSDV in protection of cattle against LSD compared to the commonly used sheep pox vaccine.

Lipase was partially purified from the culture supernatant of Mucor racemosus NRRL 3631. In an attempt to increase the enzyme stability, the enzyme was immobilized on poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA, radiation cross liked poly (vinyl alcohol/ vinyl pyrrolidone) PVA / PVP and poly (vinyl alcohol/ hydroxyethylmethacrylate) PVA/ HEMA hydrogels. The maximum immobilization yield (31.74 %) was obtained using PVA/ HEMA copolymer. The effect of the immobilization parameters on the enzyme such as the hydrogel composition, irradiation dose and the immobilization technique was performed. An optimum radiation dose of 15 kGy and hydrogel composition of 10 % PVA/ HEMA (9.6: 0.4 v/v) increased the immobilization yield to 60.3 %. Diffusion phenomena can be markedly increased the enzyme immobilization on the surface of the hydrogel. In this case the retained activity was approximately 81.5 % of that of the free enzyme. The profiles of immobilized enzyme activities at various pH values (4-9) and temperatures (30-80 °C) showed an overall higher stability for the immobilized enzyme than that for the free one. The half life values of the immobilized and free enzymes at 60 °C were 3.3 h and 1.73 h, respectively. The immobilized enzyme retained 69.2 % of its initial activity after three cycles.

Effect of the antifungal antibiotic gliotoxin on root-rot diseases caused by Fusarium solani and its influence on population of fungal flora in soil were investigated. Bean seeds were treated with different concentrations of gliotoxin before sowing. The results obtained from the green house application of bioagent indicated that soaking seeds in different concentrations of gliotoxin from 1μg/mL to 15μg/mL (for 60 minutes) significantly reduced the percentage of damping off and root rot as compared with control (pathogen only). Also 10μg/mL of gliotoxin was significantly decreased the population of fungal flora as compared with control.

Objective:To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphism of ALDH2 and CYP2E1 and alcoholic liver disease(ALD) in Han people. Methods:PCR-RFLP was used to detect the frequencies of gene types and allele of ALDH and CYP2E1 in health control group(45 cases),ALD group(48 cases),alcohol dependent group(38 cases) and non-ALD(NALD) group(42 cases),and the frequencies were compared. Results:The difference of the frequencies of ALDH2*1 and ALDH2*2 had statistic significance between health control group and ALD group,and between in ALD group and NALD group(P

Objective To establish animal models of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Methods Rat models of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads with liquid nitrogen freezing left femoral head were made. After operations, we accessed behaviors and regular observed X - ray graphy. we observed the femoral head after the rats were killed one monthe later. Results The rats in model group presented "new month syndrom" two weeks after operation,and became more and more worse. Conclusion The rat models of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads made by liquid nitrogen is economic and of low mortality. We can use it in making large - scale mordels, particularly in drug treatment' study.

A survey was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites from various species of birds housed in a zoological garden in Egypt. A total of 72 faecal samples were collected randomly from studied birds. It was discovered that 63.9% were infected with at least one intestinal parasites, with 27.8% positive for helminths and 36.1% positive with protozoa. Coprological analysis revealed that the fecal samples were infected with different parasite species including 6 nematode eggs or larvae namely Ascaridia spp. (4.1%), Heterakis spp. (8.3%), Capillaria spp. (5.6%), Contracaecum spp. (2.8%), Strongyloides avium (2.8%), Strongyloides pavonis larvae (4.1%), 2 protozoan parasites identified were Eimeria spp. (25%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (11.1%). Strongyloides pavonis, Contracaecum spp. and E. mutica are referred for the first time in Egypt. New host record was established for most of these species. Routine monitoring for the presence of parasites in birds kept in the zoo is imperative in assisting zoo management and implementation of preventive and control measures against the spread of infectious parasitic diseases among birds within the zoo or to humans.

Two Eimeria species were identified in faeces collected from a white peacock (Pavo cristatus) housed at the El-Gharbia city park in Egypt, and each is described as a new species. Sporulated oocysts of one species (Eimeria pavota) are ellipsoidal, measuring 23.9 x 16.5 (19.5–25 x 14.5–20) µm. The oocysts have a smooth wall made up of two layers and approximately 1.0 µm in thickness. An oocyst residuum, micropyle and polar granule are present. Sporocysts have a rounded end opposite knob-like Stieda body and are 14.3 x 7.3 (12–16.5 x 5.5–8) µm in size. The sporozoites contain one refractile body and a diffuse granular residuum; the entire content of each sporocyst is enclosed by a thin membrane. Sporulated oocysts of the second eimerian (Eimeria egyptica) are subspherical, measuring 14 x 20 (12–17 x 18–22) µm. The oocysts are without a micropyle but with a two-layered wall, which is approximately 1.3 µm thick, with the outer layer having a smooth surface texture. The oocyst residuum and polar granule are present. Sporocysts have a rounded end opposite the nipple-like Stieda body atop a prominent sub-Stieda body and are 14.4 x 8.0 (12–15.5 x 6.5–9) µm. Sporocysts contain a diffuse granular residuum, and each sporozoite has two different-sized refractile bodies.

Objective: To compare the differences in intake and excretion between Musca domestica and other three species from families Muscidae and Calliphoridae which may help explaining the significance of house fly in the transmission of pathogens. Methods: The four adult species were supplied with two concentrations of sucrose via modified capillary feeder assay system. The two sucrose concentrations were applied to one adult male/each experiment and the elimination spots were counted. Using 0.25 mol/L sucrose + 0.25% bromophenol blue, one active non-starved male/cup was observed carefully for 1 h to record its behavior. As a growing medium used in bacterial trans-mission experiments, undiluted trypticase soy broth was used to feed 3-day-old females and males of Musca domestica following two different diets upon emergence and the frequency of elimination spots was estimated. Results: The two Musca species have half the weight of the two Phormia species. Comparing the volume of intake per hour, house fly took as much as the other species, all of which were larger. House fly produced twice, or more, the number of elimination spots/h than the other three species. Feeding the flies a sugar liquid diet resulted in producing more fecal spots than regurgitation spots. The male house flies produced less elimination spots/h when fed with trypticase soy broth than with the two sucrose solutions. Conclusions: House flies eliminated more than the other examined fly species and most of these elimination events were defecation which implicates the fecal route for pathogen transmission by this important vector.

The gene(s) encoding enzyme(s) involved in the initial reaction during degradation of zearalenone was characterized from the zearalenone utilizer Pseudomonas putida strain ZEA-1, in which ZEA transformed into product with less or not toxic. A 5.5 kilobase-pair (kpb) Pst1-Kpn1 fragment containing gene(s) coding for zearalenone degradation was cloned. The cloned gene(s) activity was expressed in Escherichia coli, and ZEA degradation by recombinant E. coli was relatively rapid and effective, leaving no detectable ZEA after 72 h. In further experiments, cell-free extract of E.coli have been used in the same way, both to confirm these observations and the enzymatic nature of the degradation activity.

We present an intriguing case of adrenal myelolipomata occurring within an adrenocortical adenoma in concert with an ipsilateral clear cell renal cell carcinoma. A 50-year-old female presented with dull right flank pain and hematuria. Computed tomography indicated a 2.5 cm right renal mass as well as a 5 cm right adrenal mass. Both masses were surgically resected concurrently. Histology of the renal mass was consistent with conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Fuhrman grade III. There was no extra-renal extension or lymphovascular invasion. The adrenal mass was a cortical adenoma with solid and nested patterns, with discrete zones consisting of erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocytic cells intermixed with mature adipocytes. Mitoses were inconspicuous. The solid tumour component was strongly positive for vimentin, inhibin and CD56, focally positive for low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (Cam 5.2), calretinin and CD10 (chiefly in the myelolipomatous zones), and negative for chromogranin, S100, HMB-45, melan-A (A103), Mart-1, synaptophysin, SMA, CK7, CK20, ER, PR, TTF-1, CD99 and GCDFP (BRST-2). Ki67 (MIB1) staining indicated a low tumour proliferation index. Although well-described individually, a search of the English language literature suggests that this is the first such documented case of synchrony of these three lesions. We also present a relevant review of the literature pertaining to adrenal lesions. In particular, we emphasize the epidemiological, histological and immunohistochemical features that are helpful in determining the origin and malignant potential of adrenal lesions.