: In enterohepatic recycling, foreign chemicals entering the alimentary tract and gut normal micro flora (ShagjJambal., 1989) are absorbed into portal venous blood by enterocytes, removed from blood by uptake into hepatocytes, secreted into the bile, and then deposited back into the intestinal lumen where they may be reabsorbed by intestinal wall cells and available for recycling (compartment model modified by Wang and Reuning). This process is called enterohepatic circulation or enterohepatic recycling (Rollins and Klaasen, 1979). Some studies have attempted to interrupt the enterohepatic recycling of toxicants such as pesticides and heavy metals and 56 carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Plant Material The plant Gentiana macrophylla pall. Was collected during july 2017 from the forest region Galt sum, Khuvsgul aimakh, Mongolian. The taxonomical identification of the plant was done by Botanical survey of Ganbold E. (ScD) Mongolian university subsidiary of Ulanbator institute, Ulanbator. The study was based on the New medicine medical university bio-model, pharmacology laboratory and laboratory. ELISA-biochemistry laboratory. Animals: Male C57BL/6 (miceweight 18-22g (n=40)) were obtained from the Mongolian national university of Medical sciences animal house. Experimental procuders were conducted in accordance with the regulations of Animal Ethical committee. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured according to the technique described by Krawisz et al. (1984) . Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid Reaction (Yagi, K. and Ohkova.,1979). A significant decrease (P<0.005) in the MDA was observed in the Gentiana macrophylla(GM) treated group (0.340±0.031)when compared with the control group (0.521±0.023). Conclusion The results of the study show that Gentiana macrophylla is inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protection of liver cell. From the protonation compounds generate polyphenol compound with rich hydroxyl and alkaloid. These compounds help to lipid peroxidation or antioxidation and membrane protection.The results of the study show that Gentiana macrophylla is inhibition off oxidation ferric molecule in vitro reaction and detoxification of reactive oxygen species release from damaged liver cell by CCL₄.

Introduction: In 2020, about 3% of children and 5% of adolescents had metabolic syndrome, with some variation across countries and regions. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5-19 years has increased sharply from only 8% in 1990 to 20% in 2022. 3-5% of children and adolescents have hypertension, 10% 14% have changes in arterial pressure, and the prevalence has increased from 1.3% -6.0% These risk factors can lead to MetS, and although there are several studies by national researchers in adults, research on risk factors for MetS in childhood is rare. Aim: To evaluate the physical growth of children aged 6-17 and study the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among them. Materials and methods: A family health center-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in the apartment district and ger district of Ulaanbaatar, using standardised measurement tools. A total of 622 participants aged 6-17 years were included in this study. Body weight, height, waist circumference, arterial blood pressure, and blood glucose of the participants were measured and the results of body measurements were estimated using the growth chart. Results and conclusions Among the participants, 48.2% (n=300) were male, 51.8% (n=322) were female. The rate of overweight and obesity among the study population is 20.26%, and male children are 2 times more obese than female children. 7.23% of the study participants. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 1% with 3 risk criteria according to the IDF 78.93% (n=491) have no risk, 19.33% (n=121) have 1 risk, and 0.48% (n=4) have 2 risks. Among the studied risk factors for metabolic syndrome, overweight, obesity, and central obesity were the predominant risk factors among children. One in five children is either overweight or obese, with boys being twice as likely to experience these conditions (p<0.001). In 1% of the study participants, metabolic syndrome with three risk factors was identified. Overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome were more prevalent among the 15-17 age group compared to other age groups (p<0.001).

BACKGROUND. HCV-infected and obesity related liver diseases are leading to increases in the prevalence of advanced liver disease. So, studying liver disease, especially liver fibrosis is crucial issue of today. In Mongolia digestive system disease is second causation of non-communicable disease. Therefrom in last years hepatocellular carcinoma is most common malignancy, first of all cancers in Mongolia. In response to acute or chronic liver injury, hepatic fibrosis is the accumulation of extracellular matrix and ultimately leads to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is the end-stage of fibrosis, resulting in nodule formation that may lead to altered hepatic function and blood flow. Defining the phase of liver fibrosis is crucial for therapeutic choice prognosis, important role in monitoring treatment. At the present time, use of direct and undirect biomarkers methods could be recommended for liver fibrosis stage. The aim of this study is to determine liver fibrosis stage and to compare undirect biomarkers in chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis. METHODS: 630 cases by chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis at third central hospital in Mongolia from retrospectively reviewed and analysed. The clinical data including AST, ALT, platelet count and INR were recorded. APRI, FIB-4, AAR and FibroQ were calculated. RESULT: From all, males 42.06% and females 57.94%, with mean age of 55.35±24.0, in 130 cases with chronic viral hepatitis and 500 cases with cirrhosis. In cases of cirrhosis, mean value of platelet count, ALT, AST, INR was 120.54±73.53, 104.55±500.22, 111.68±279.97, 2.19±10.45, respectively. And in cases of chronic viral hepatitis platelet count mean value was 211.18±6.42. APRI was detected <0.5 cutoff value (F0-F1) 11.7% non-fibrosis, 0.5-1.5 score (F2-F3) 27.5% fibrosis, >1.5 cutoff value (F4) 60.8% cirrhosis. FIB-4 was determined <1.45 cutoff value (F0-F1) 14.8% non-fibrosis, 1.45-3.25 score (F2-F3) 15.7% fibrosis, >3.25 cutoff value (F4) 69.5%, AAR was showed <0.4 cutoff value (F0-F1) 2.3% non-fibrosis, 0.4-1 score (F2-F3) 30.2% fibrosis, >1 cutoff value (F4) 67.5%. And FibroQ was detected <0.6 cutoff value (F0- F1) 0.5% non-fibrosis, 0.6-2.6 score (F2-F3) 6% fibrosis, cutoff value 2.6< (F4) 93.5 cirrhosis. In study liver fibrosis staging by APRI, AAR, FIB-4 and FibroQ score system, AAR was determined fibrosis in 190 cases. CONCLUSION: Recorded data ALT, AST, INR in cases of cirrhosis were detected 104.55±500.22, 111.68±279.97, 2.19±10.45, respectively. And in cases of chronic hepatitis platelet count mean value was 211.18±6.42. APRI, AAR, FIB-4, FibroQ was determined fibrosis 27.5%,30.16%,15.71% and 6.03%, respectively.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition, that occurs people aged above 50, leads to gradual loss of the vision because of a damage in the macula, which is located in the center of the retina. Several polymorphisms in different genes have been proposed as factors that increase the disease susceptibility. Therefore, we investigated the association between rs833061 polymorphism of VEGF-A gene and rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene and AMD in order to analyze with other similar studies by meta analysis. Purpose: To investigate the polymorphisms of VEGF-A gene and ARMS2 gene on AMD susceptibility Methods: is case-control study was conducted on 74 AMD patients and 32 unaffected age-and gender-matched control individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood. The single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method and results confirmed by gel electrophoresis. The REVIEW MANAGER 5.2 software and MetaXL was used for meta-analysis Results: We did not find statistically significant differences in С allele and СС genotype frequency of rs833061 polymorphism of VEGF-A gene between patients and controls. However, analysis of rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene shows that T allele (OR=2.72, 95% CI, 1.47 – 5.02, p=0.001), TT genotype (OR=4.54, 95% CI, 1.49 – 13.87,p=0.019) were significantly associated with AMD risk. Haplotype analysis of these SNPs showed that C+T haplotype was statistically significantly different (OR=5.23, 95% CI, 1.76-15.54, p=0.002) between patients and controls. Conclusion As shown by results, rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene show that T allele, TT genotype and C+T haplotype were significantly associated with AMD risk In meta-analysis, T allele of rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene was significantly associated with AMD risk in all ethnicity that include Asian and Caucasian. However, T allele prevalence was higher in Asians.

Background: E-cigarettes were created in China in 2003 and smoke is produced by the transfer of liquids contained within e-cigarettes into proteins. The WHO has warned of the health effects of e-cigarettes and recommended limiting sales. Mongolia imported a total of 2047 e-cigarettes from 2019-2020 and 2.6 million e-cigarettes by 2021. That's because in the school environment, retail outlets are trading in e-cigarettes. Objective: Study of pupil and student knowledge of e-cigarette use and its effects among pupils. Research Methods: In our study, we found 421 students representing 1304 high school students at 6 high schools in Esenbulag, Altai Province, with 12 years of training, The study was conducted by a closed questionnard of 38 students representing 161 students from MSUT, 151 students representing 962 students from 1st to 6th grade, and a total of 670 youth and students. The results of the study were developed with 24 SPSS applications. Results of the study: 71.8% of participants in the study are high school students in general education, 5.7% are MSUT students and 22.5% are MNUMS students. It found that 12.5% of students surveyed and 11.7% of teens said they smoked e-cigarettes, compared with 11% of teens and students who occasionally smoked e-cigarettes. 47-73% of teens and students who smoke began smoking starting in the 10th to 11th grade, with 21.3-45.5% of the factors affecting e-cigarette use attracting friends, 9.5-13.4% responded that they were household smokers, 6.2-18.1% said they were interested in making others look attractive, while 42.5-62.4% said they knew about the harmful effects of e-cigarettes and 46-51.7% were trying to stop e-cigarettes. A study of the source of information on the effects of e-cigarettes found that 40.8-47.9% of people get it from social networks and 14.1-20.4% from TV shows. Conclusions While the vast majority of students and students know about the effects of e-cigarettes, 56.6% of the participants in the overall study smoke e-cigarettes. Information about the harmful effects of e-cigarettes is being taken from social networks by the vast majority of teenagers and young people on campus. Friends have the highest percentage of exposure to e-cigarettes because of the many factors affecting e-cigarettes.

Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic temperament, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.