No abstract available.
Apigenin

Study on 74 breast cancer patients after radiotherapy in K Hospital, Hanoi. Results: Vitexin capsule decreased the lesion of leukocyte cells after radiotherapy compared with control group. After radiotherapy, TCD4, TCD8 lymphocytes decreased statistical significantly in comparison with before treatment. After taking drug for 2 months (4 capsules/day, 100mg/capsule divided 2 times), the cells were being recovery with different levels, the number of TCD8 in Vitexin group was higher than those in the control group. The findings suggested that the Vitexin had ability to recover quickly the numerous of damaged immune cells during radiotherapy
Breast Neoplasms ; Apigenin ; Radiotherapy

Chemical constituents were isolated and purified from the water extract of Artemisia annua by column chromatography of HP-20 macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, HW-40, and semi-preparative RP-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral analyses. As a result, Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as vitexnegheteroin M(1), sibricose A5(2), securoside A(3), citrusin D(4), annphenone(5), E-melilotoside(6), esculetin(7), scopoletin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(8), eleutheroside B_1(9), chrysosplenol D(10), patuletin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(11), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(12), rutin(13), apigenin 6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside(14), isoschaftoside(15), among them, compounds 1-4 were identified from Artemisia for the first time. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the production of PGE_2 in LPS-simulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that compounds 1, 2, 8, and 10-15 could reduce PGE_2 levels, to a certain extent.
Apigenin ; Artemisia annua ; Quercetin ; Rutin

60 breast cancer patients in the II and III phrase were treated on the regime: Surgery with after radiotherapy at the II radio Department, K Hospital in Ha Noi. These breast cancer patients after radiotherapy, Vitexin was used within continuous 2 months and 30 patients in the control group with placebo of 50mg Vitamine C. The number of lymphocytes were significantly increased after radiotherapy. In the presence of phytohemaglutinin, Vitexin also restores the number of lumphocytes to the level before radiotherapy significantly.
Breast Neoplasms ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Diseases ; Apigenin ; Radiotherapy

In order to control the quality of Vigna radiata, the quality control method and standard were established in this study. The tests of water content, ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of V. radiata were carried out according to the methods recoded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume 1). The TLC method was established by using vitexin and isovitexin as references, and a mixture of acetate-method-water (10: 1.7 : 1.3) as the developing solvent system on GF254 thin layer plate. The contents of vitexin and isovitexin were determined by HPLC on a Prevail C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column, using acetonitrile: water (23 : 77) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature is 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength is 337 nm. As a result, vitexin, isovitexin and the other constituents were well separated on TLC detected under the UV light (254 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of vitexin and isovitexin presented that they were in good linear correlation in the ranges of 6.12-98 mg x L(-1) and 6.85-109.6 mg x L(-1), with the regression equations of Y = 46.213X - 7.100 (r = 1.000) and Y = 54.515X + 6.829 (r = 1.000), and the average recoveries were 98.2% (RSD 1.9%) and 97.2% (RSD 0.79%), respectively. The content ranges of vitexin and isovitexin from 25 different batches of V. radiata were 1.076-2.062 mg x g(1) and 1.127-2.303 mg x g(-1), respectively. suggesting that the qualities of V. radiata are relatively stable. The ethanol-soluble extractives, water content and total ash of 25 samples varied in the ranges of 13.27% - 18.46%, 9.59% - 12.43% and 2.63% - 3.53%, respectively. All of the above data proved that the established quality of control method V. radiata is specific and accurate, which can be used for the quality control of this drug.
Apigenin ; chemistry ; Fabaceae ; chemistry ; Quality Control

Scutellarin is the major effective ingredient of breviscapine, which is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and has a remarkable achievement. In recent years, more and more reseaches had focused on the pharmacokinetics of scutellarin and scutellarein. The article summarized the studies on pharmacokinetics of scutellarin and scutellarein have been performed by domestic and oversea scholars.
Animals ; Apigenin ; pharmacokinetics ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Glucuronates ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans

To establish an in situ single-way intestinal perfusion model, in order to study the intestinal absorption kinetics of AP. The concentration of AP in the perfusate was determined by HLPC. The results showed different AP concentrations in all intestinal segments, with the fastest absorption rate in duodenum, which was followed by jejunum, ileum and colon. In general, the constant absorption rate (Ka) of AP in duodenum and jejunum first increased and then decreased with the rise in drug concentration (P <0. 05); the absorption mechanism may be related to active transport and facilitated diffusion factors. The constant absorption rate (Ka) of AP in ileum and colon generally kept unchanged with the rise diffusion in drug concentration, the absorption mechanism may be related to passive.
Animals ; Apigenin ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; physiology ; Male ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo ascertain the optimal harvest time of Erigeron breviscapus.

METHODThe dry matter weight accumulation of different organs in growth process and contents of scutellarin and coffeic acid ester in whole plant of E. breviscapus were determined.

RESULTThe number of leaves per plant, the dried weight of single leaf and dry matter weight of whole plant and different organs reached the highest after seedling 130-140 d. The content of scutellarin gradually decreased with growth period, and sharply decreased after seedling 140 d. The content of coffeic acid ester varied irregularly with growth period.

CONCLUSIONThe optimal harvest time of E. breviscapus is in early bloom period after seedling 130 d.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate anti-AD potential of Cirsium maackii flowers. MeOH extract, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, and n-BuOH fraction of this flower notably inhibited BACE1 (IC₅₀ = 76.47 ± 1.66, 22.98 ± 1.45, 8.65 ± 0.63, and 72.47 ± 3.04 µg/mL, respectively). β-amyrenone (49.70 mg) (1), lupeol acetate (1.43 g) (2), lupeol (1.22 g) (3), lupenone (23.70 mg) (4), β-sitosterol (1.01 g) (6), and β-sitosterol glucoside (13.00 mg) (7) from CH₂Cl₂, apigenin (100.20 mg) (8), luteolin (19.00 mg) (9), apigenin 7-O-glucuronide methyl ester (21.30 mg) (14), and tracheloside (53.70 mg) (5) from EtOAc, apigenin 5-O-glucoside (11.00 mg) (10), luteolin 5-O-glucoside (11.00 mg) (11) and apigenin 7-O-glucuronide (91.00 mg) (12) from n-BuOH, and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (22.00 mg) (13) from H₂O fraction were isolated. HPLC showed high levels of 8, 9 and 12 in MeOH extract (33.07 ± 0.07, 31. 44 ± 0.17 and 16.89 ± 0.33 mg/g, respectively), EtOAc (161.01 ± 1.78, 96.93 ± 0.34 and 73.38 ± 0.06 mg/g, respectively), and n-BuOH fraction (32.18 ± 0.33, 44.31 ± 0.32 and 105.94 ± 0.36 mg/g, respectively). Since, 3 and 9 are well-known BACE1 inhibitors, the anti-AD activity of C. maackii flower might be attributable to their presence.
Alzheimer Disease ; Apigenin ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cirsium ; Flowers ; Luteolin

Insufficient catalytic efficiency of flavonoid 6-hydroxylases in the fermentative production of scutellarin leads to the formation of at least about 18% of by-products. Here, the catalytic mechanisms of two flavonoid 6-hydroxylases, CYP82D4 and CYP706X, were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical calculations. Our results show that CYP82D4 and CYP706X have almost identical energy barriers at the rate-determining step and thus similar reaction rates, while the relatively low substrate binding energy of CYP82D4 may facilitate product release, which is directly responsible for its higher catalytic efficiency. Based on the study of substrate entry and release processes, the catalytic efficiency of the L540A mutation of CYP82D4 increased by 1.37-fold, demonstrating the feasibility of theoretical calculations-guided engineering of flavonoid 6-hydroxylase. Overall, this study reveals the catalytic mechanism of flavonoid 6-hydroxylases, which may facilitate the modification and optimization of flavonoid 6-hydroxylases for efficient fermentative production of scutellarin.
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism* ; Apigenin ; Glucuronates