Two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) were treated by a Pd/Fe catalyst in aqueous solutions through catalytic amination and dechlorination. Nitrochlorobenzenes are rapidly converted to form chloroanilines (CAN) first through an amination process, and then rapidly dechlorinated to become aniline (AN) and Cl(-), without the involvement of any other intermediate reaction products. The amination and dechlorination reaction are believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The dechlorination rate of the reductive degradation of the two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) in the presence of Pd/Fe as a catalyst was measured experimentally. In all cases, the reaction rate constants were found to increase with the decrease in the Gibbs free energy (correlation with the activation energy) of NCBs formation; the activation energy of each dechlorination reaction was measured to be 95.83 and 77.05 kJ/mol, respectively for o- and p-NCB. The results demonstrated that p-NCBs were reduced more easily than o-NCBs.
Catalysis ; Industrial Waste ; prevention & control ; Iron ; chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Metals ; chemistry ; Nitrobenzenes ; chemistry ; Palladium ; chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Water ; chemistry ; Water Purification ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To provide a basic anatomical study of clinical endoscopic surgical approach, we investigated the pterygopalatine fossa anatomy through lateral wall of the nasal cavity approach under endoscopy. METHOD: To observe important symbols and the neurovascular structure and its relations with the surrounding structure of pterygopalatine fossa, we dissect ten fresh cadaveric heads via lateral wall of the nasal cavity approach under endoscopy. RESULT: (1) The anatomical relations between pterygopalatine fossa and the surrounding structure were complicated, and internal maxillary artery and its branches were variate greatly. (2) Sphenopalatine foramen, infraorbital canal, foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal were the important symbol of bone of pterygopalatine fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa could be used as an access into the infratemporal fossa and sphenoid sinus. CONCLUSION (1) An intimate knowledge of the constant anatomical symbols of the pterygopalatine fossa and the surrounding structure would maintain a sense of direction and improve surgery safety. (2) The pterygopalatine fossa could be exposed fully under endoscopy, and the vision was clear. Besides, the important nerves and vessels would be well protected, and operative approach was flexible according to the scope of pathological changes. (3) The near anatomic region could be accessed and the pathological changes could be treated through the endoscopic surgical approach.
Adult ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; Nasal Cavity ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Pterygopalatine Fossa ; anatomy & histology ; Sphenoid Sinus ; anatomy & histology

Methods: CHB patients and healthy volunteers were enrolled from Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between August 21, 2018 and December 31, 2020. They were divided into three groups: healthy group, LGDHS group, and latent syndrome (LP) group. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Metabolomic profiling via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was applied to serum samples to detect differentially regulated metabolites (DMs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment were employed to explore dysregulated pathways. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were utilized to visualize group separation and identify key metabolites and proteins contributing to LGDHS differentiation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis evaluated the diagnostic performance of key biomarkers, while logistic regression models assessed their predictive accuracy. P values were corrected for multiple tests using the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Validation of potential biomarkers was conducted using independent microarray data and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: A total of 150 participants were enrolled, including healthy group (n = 45), LGDHS group (n = 60), and LP group (n = 45). 254 DEPs from proteomics data and 72 DMs from metabolomic profiling were identified by PCA and OPLS-DA. DEPs were mainly enriched in immune and complement pathways, while DMs involved in amino acid and energy metabolism. The integrated analysis identified seven key biomarkers: α1-acid glycoprotein (ORM1), asparagine synthetase (ASNS), solute carrier family 27 member 5 (SLC27A5), glucosidase II alpha subunit (GANAB), hexokinase 2 (HK2), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM). Microarray validation confirmed the diagnostic potential of these genes, with area under the curve (AUC) values for ROC analysis ranging from 0.536 to 0.759. Among these, ORM1, ASNS, and SLC27A5 showed significant differential ability in differentiating LGDHS patients (P = 0.016, P = 0.035, and P < 0.001, respectively), with corresponding AUC of 0.749, 0.743, and 0.759, respectively. A logistic regression model incorporating these three genes demonstrated an AUC of 0.939, indicating a high discriminatory power for LGDHS. RT-qPCR further validated the differential expression of ORM1 and SLC27A5 between LGDHS and LP groups (P = 0.011 and P = 0.034, respectively), with ASNS showing a consistent trend in expression (P = 0.928). Conclusion This study integrates multi-omics approaches to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying LGDHS in CHB. The identification of biomarkers ORM1, ASNS, and SLC27A5 offers a solid basis for the objective diagnosis of LGDHS, contributing to the standardization and modernization of TCM diagnostic practices.

AIMTo search for new compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity and low gastrointestinal (GI) side effects.

METHODSA series of p-(methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives were synthesized. Their anti-inflammatory activities against xylene-induced mice ear swelling and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema were evaluated, and their GI side effects in the rats were examined.

RESULTSNine target compounds (ZA(1-9)) were obtained, and their structures were determined by IR, 1HNMR, MS and elemental analysis. Compared with controls diclofenac (DC) and rofecoxib (RC) , ZA(3, 5-9) showed no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear swelling in mice. ZA(3, 7, 8) showed potency comparable to DC and RC (P > 0.05) and ZA6 was more potent than DC and RC (P < 0.05) in the treatment of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. ZA(3, 5-9) showed less GI side effects than DC (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and no significant difference compared with RC (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONp-(Methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives showed strong anti-inflammatory activity but few GI side effects and deserve to be further investigated.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Carrageenan ; Edema ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Ketones ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Mice ; Peptic Ulcer ; drug therapy ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Styrenes ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry

AIMTo search for new compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity and low gastrointestinal (GI) side effects.

METHODSA series of alpha-substituted p-(methanesulfonyl) phenyl-propenamides were synthesized. Their anti-inflammatory activities against xylene-induced mice ear swelling and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema were evaluated, and their GI side effects in rats were examined.

RESULTSTwenty-five target compounds (II1-25) were obtained, and their structures were determined by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Thirteen compounds (II1,3,5,8-13,15,18,19,23) exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac sodium (DC) and rofecoxib (RC) in xylene-induced mice ear swelling model, and twelve compounds (II1,3,5,7,8,10-12,17,18,20,23) showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity comparable to DC and RC in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Compounds II3,8,10,11,18,20 showed GI side effects less than DC (P < 0.01), and no significant difference compared with RC and CMC-Na (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONalpha-Substituted p-(methanesulfonyl)phenylpropenamides showed strong anti-inflammatory activity but few GI side effects and deserve to be further investigated.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Carrageenan ; Edema ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Peptic Ulcer ; chemically induced ; Phenylpropionates ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfones ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Xylenes

Although the essential oil of Xiangfu Siwu decoction (XFSWD) has strong pharmacological activity, its special physical and chemical properties restrict the clinical application and curative effect. In this paper, Xiangfu Siwu decoction essential oil (XFS-WO) was prepared by forming inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The present study is to investigate the effect of β-CD inclusion complex on the transport of major components of XFSWO using Caco-2 cell monolayer model, thus to research the effect of this formation on the absorption of drugs with low solubility and high permeability, which belong to class 2 in biopharmaceutics classification system. A sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of senkyunolide A, 3-n-butylphthalide, Z-ligustilide, dehydrocostus lactone and α-cyperone, which are active compounds in XFSWO. The transport parameters were analyzed and compared in free oil and its β-CD inclusion complex. The result revealed that the formation of XFSWO/β-CD inclusion complex has significantly increased the transportation and absorption of major active ingredients than free oil. Accordingly, it can be speculated that cyclodextrin inclusion complex can improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Above all these mentioned researches, it provided foundation and basis for physiological disposition and pharmaceutical study of XFSWD.
Biological Transport ; Caco-2 Cells ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Humans ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; beta-Cyclodextrins ; pharmacology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exons ; Factor VIII ; genetics ; Hemophilia A ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation

In order to detect coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor in patients with severe hemophilia A (HA) and preliminarily study the genetic mutation in patients with inhibitor positive. Totally 58 patients with HA (FVIII: C < 1%) were enrolled. FVIII: C activity was measured by one-stage coagulation assay. FVIII inhibitor was screened by using APTT method and FVIII inhibitor in screened positive patients with HA was quantitatively analyzed by using Bethesda method. Using genomic DNA as template, 12, 14, 16 exons of FVIII in screened positive patients were amplified, and the mutations of amplified products were detected by direct sequencing. The results indicated that the FVIII inhibitor could be detected in 4 patients (6.9%) from 58 HA patients, no gene mutations in 12, 14, 16 exons of FVIII were found. It is concluded that the positive rate of FVIII inhibitor in HA patients is lower than that reported in literature. The causes of inhibitor production needs to further investigate.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors ; isolation & purification ; Blood Coagulation Tests ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exons ; Factor VIII ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; Genetic Testing ; Hemophilia A ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Young Adult

In order to find the optimal topographical factor for regionslization, the content of cimetidine in 116 Sinopodophyllum hexandrum sample collected from Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Tibet, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces, was determined. Using mathematical statistics and geographical spatial analysis of GIS analysis, the relationship between content of podophyllotoxin and influencing factors including altitude gradient and gradient position was analyzed. It is found that the optimal altitude was 2 800 m to 3 600 m, the aspect of slope north or northeast and northwest and the slope 12 degrees to 65 degrees with a high suitability degree. Considering the artificial planting, the suitable planting area for S. hexandrum is comfirmed. The topographical factor is important for S. hexandrum regionalization, but has hardly effect on podophyllotoxin content. The results of the study provide an important scientific basis for S. hexandrum production development. But there are many factors which affect suitability index and podophyllotoxin content of S. hexandrum, it is necessary to consider other factors like climate and soil while exploitation and protection of S. hexandrum.
Altitude ; Berberidaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; China ; Ecosystem ; Podophyllotoxin ; analysis

Acetylcholine ; metabolism ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Dopamine ; metabolism ; Epinephrine ; metabolism ; Female ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; metabolism ; Norepinephrine ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synaptic Transmission