Two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) were treated by a Pd/Fe catalyst in aqueous solutions through catalytic amination and dechlorination. Nitrochlorobenzenes are rapidly converted to form chloroanilines (CAN) first through an amination process, and then rapidly dechlorinated to become aniline (AN) and Cl(-), without the involvement of any other intermediate reaction products. The amination and dechlorination reaction are believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The dechlorination rate of the reductive degradation of the two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) in the presence of Pd/Fe as a catalyst was measured experimentally. In all cases, the reaction rate constants were found to increase with the decrease in the Gibbs free energy (correlation with the activation energy) of NCBs formation; the activation energy of each dechlorination reaction was measured to be 95.83 and 77.05 kJ/mol, respectively for o- and p-NCB. The results demonstrated that p-NCBs were reduced more easily than o-NCBs.
Catalysis ; Industrial Waste ; prevention & control ; Iron ; chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Metals ; chemistry ; Nitrobenzenes ; chemistry ; Palladium ; chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Water ; chemistry ; Water Purification ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To provide a basic anatomical study of clinical endoscopic surgical approach, we investigated the pterygopalatine fossa anatomy through lateral wall of the nasal cavity approach under endoscopy. METHOD: To observe important symbols and the neurovascular structure and its relations with the surrounding structure of pterygopalatine fossa, we dissect ten fresh cadaveric heads via lateral wall of the nasal cavity approach under endoscopy. RESULT: (1) The anatomical relations between pterygopalatine fossa and the surrounding structure were complicated, and internal maxillary artery and its branches were variate greatly. (2) Sphenopalatine foramen, infraorbital canal, foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal were the important symbol of bone of pterygopalatine fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa could be used as an access into the infratemporal fossa and sphenoid sinus. CONCLUSION (1) An intimate knowledge of the constant anatomical symbols of the pterygopalatine fossa and the surrounding structure would maintain a sense of direction and improve surgery safety. (2) The pterygopalatine fossa could be exposed fully under endoscopy, and the vision was clear. Besides, the important nerves and vessels would be well protected, and operative approach was flexible according to the scope of pathological changes. (3) The near anatomic region could be accessed and the pathological changes could be treated through the endoscopic surgical approach.
Adult ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; Nasal Cavity ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Pterygopalatine Fossa ; anatomy & histology ; Sphenoid Sinus ; anatomy & histology

AIMTo search for new compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity and low gastrointestinal (GI) side effects.

METHODSA series of alpha-substituted p-(methanesulfonyl) phenyl-propenamides were synthesized. Their anti-inflammatory activities against xylene-induced mice ear swelling and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema were evaluated, and their GI side effects in rats were examined.

RESULTSTwenty-five target compounds (II1-25) were obtained, and their structures were determined by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Thirteen compounds (II1,3,5,8-13,15,18,19,23) exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac sodium (DC) and rofecoxib (RC) in xylene-induced mice ear swelling model, and twelve compounds (II1,3,5,7,8,10-12,17,18,20,23) showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity comparable to DC and RC in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Compounds II3,8,10,11,18,20 showed GI side effects less than DC (P < 0.01), and no significant difference compared with RC and CMC-Na (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONalpha-Substituted p-(methanesulfonyl)phenylpropenamides showed strong anti-inflammatory activity but few GI side effects and deserve to be further investigated.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Carrageenan ; Edema ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Peptic Ulcer ; chemically induced ; Phenylpropionates ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfones ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Xylenes

Although the essential oil of Xiangfu Siwu decoction (XFSWD) has strong pharmacological activity, its special physical and chemical properties restrict the clinical application and curative effect. In this paper, Xiangfu Siwu decoction essential oil (XFS-WO) was prepared by forming inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The present study is to investigate the effect of β-CD inclusion complex on the transport of major components of XFSWO using Caco-2 cell monolayer model, thus to research the effect of this formation on the absorption of drugs with low solubility and high permeability, which belong to class 2 in biopharmaceutics classification system. A sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of senkyunolide A, 3-n-butylphthalide, Z-ligustilide, dehydrocostus lactone and α-cyperone, which are active compounds in XFSWO. The transport parameters were analyzed and compared in free oil and its β-CD inclusion complex. The result revealed that the formation of XFSWO/β-CD inclusion complex has significantly increased the transportation and absorption of major active ingredients than free oil. Accordingly, it can be speculated that cyclodextrin inclusion complex can improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Above all these mentioned researches, it provided foundation and basis for physiological disposition and pharmaceutical study of XFSWD.
Biological Transport ; Caco-2 Cells ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Humans ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; beta-Cyclodextrins ; pharmacology

AIMTo search for new compounds with strong anti-inflammatory activity and low gastrointestinal (GI) side effects.

METHODSA series of p-(methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives were synthesized. Their anti-inflammatory activities against xylene-induced mice ear swelling and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema were evaluated, and their GI side effects in the rats were examined.

RESULTSNine target compounds (ZA(1-9)) were obtained, and their structures were determined by IR, 1HNMR, MS and elemental analysis. Compared with controls diclofenac (DC) and rofecoxib (RC) , ZA(3, 5-9) showed no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear swelling in mice. ZA(3, 7, 8) showed potency comparable to DC and RC (P > 0.05) and ZA6 was more potent than DC and RC (P < 0.05) in the treatment of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. ZA(3, 5-9) showed less GI side effects than DC (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and no significant difference compared with RC (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONp-(Methanesulfonyl) styrene-linked cyclic ketone derivatives showed strong anti-inflammatory activity but few GI side effects and deserve to be further investigated.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; adverse effects ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Carrageenan ; Edema ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Ketones ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Mice ; Peptic Ulcer ; drug therapy ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Styrenes ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exons ; Factor VIII ; genetics ; Hemophilia A ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation

In order to detect coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor in patients with severe hemophilia A (HA) and preliminarily study the genetic mutation in patients with inhibitor positive. Totally 58 patients with HA (FVIII: C < 1%) were enrolled. FVIII: C activity was measured by one-stage coagulation assay. FVIII inhibitor was screened by using APTT method and FVIII inhibitor in screened positive patients with HA was quantitatively analyzed by using Bethesda method. Using genomic DNA as template, 12, 14, 16 exons of FVIII in screened positive patients were amplified, and the mutations of amplified products were detected by direct sequencing. The results indicated that the FVIII inhibitor could be detected in 4 patients (6.9%) from 58 HA patients, no gene mutations in 12, 14, 16 exons of FVIII were found. It is concluded that the positive rate of FVIII inhibitor in HA patients is lower than that reported in literature. The causes of inhibitor production needs to further investigate.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors ; isolation & purification ; Blood Coagulation Tests ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exons ; Factor VIII ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; Genetic Testing ; Hemophilia A ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Young Adult

Acetylcholine ; metabolism ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Dopamine ; metabolism ; Epinephrine ; metabolism ; Female ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; metabolism ; Norepinephrine ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synaptic Transmission

In order to find the optimal topographical factor for regionslization, the content of cimetidine in 116 Sinopodophyllum hexandrum sample collected from Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Tibet, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces, was determined. Using mathematical statistics and geographical spatial analysis of GIS analysis, the relationship between content of podophyllotoxin and influencing factors including altitude gradient and gradient position was analyzed. It is found that the optimal altitude was 2 800 m to 3 600 m, the aspect of slope north or northeast and northwest and the slope 12 degrees to 65 degrees with a high suitability degree. Considering the artificial planting, the suitable planting area for S. hexandrum is comfirmed. The topographical factor is important for S. hexandrum regionalization, but has hardly effect on podophyllotoxin content. The results of the study provide an important scientific basis for S. hexandrum production development. But there are many factors which affect suitability index and podophyllotoxin content of S. hexandrum, it is necessary to consider other factors like climate and soil while exploitation and protection of S. hexandrum.
Altitude ; Berberidaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; China ; Ecosystem ; Podophyllotoxin ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) on the expression of multidrug resistance gene-1 (mdr-1) and its coded p-glyeoprotein (P-gp) as well as the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel and its mechanism.

METHODSThe mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1alpha, mdr-1 and p-gp were studied by immunocytochemistry, semiquantitative reverse transcription-ploymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis in human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) in 5% CO2 + 1% O2 hypoxic culture and 21% O2 normoxic culture, respectively. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MIT) was used to evaluate the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of A2780 cells to paclitaxel by inhibition rate. RNA interference technique was used and small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) eukaryotic expression vector targeting HIF-1alpha was constructed as pSiHIF-1alpha, and transfected into A2780 cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect gene silencing effect on HIF-1alpha, the expressions of mdr-1 and p-gp. The inhibition rate was observed after HIF-1alpha gene silence.

RESULTSHIF-1alpha at both mRNA and protein levels was induced significantly under hypoxia. The HIF-1alpha expression at mRNA level was oxygen gradient-independent, while HIF-1alpha expression at protein level was oxygen gradient-dependent. The inhibition rate of paclitaxel to hypoxic A2780 cells in 5% CO2 + 1% O2 was significantly lower than that in normoxic A2780 cells (P <0.05). The shRNAs plasmid targeting HIF-1alpha was constructed successfully and HIF-1alpha gene was silenced in A2780 cells efficiently followed by mdr-1 and p-gp down-regulation. The inhibition rate was greatly increased in hypoxic A2780/siHIF-1alpha cells.

CONCLUSIONHypoxia can decrease the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of human ovarian cancer A2780 cells to paclitaxel through HIF-1alpha regulating the expression of mdr-1 and p-gp.

ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Down-Regulation ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Paclitaxel ; pharmacology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transfection