1.Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolated from humans and associated animals in an indigenous community with poor hygiene in Peninsular Malaysia
Mohammad, N.A. ; Al-Mekhlafi, H.M ; Anuar, T.S.
Tropical Biomedicine 2018;35(4):849-860
Blastocystis is one of the most common parasites inhabiting the intestinal tract
of human and animals. Currently, human Blastocystis isolates are classified into nine
subtypes (STs) based on the phylogeny of their small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA)
gene. Although its pathogenicity remains controversial, the possibility of zoonotic
transmission was recognized since eight of the nine STs (except for ST9) have been
reported in both humans and animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine
the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolated from humans and associated
animals in an indigenous community with poor hygiene in Malaysia, where the risk of
parasitic infection is high. A total of 275 stool samples were collected, subjected to DNA
extraction and amplified by PCR assay. The Blastocystis-positive amplicons were then
purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree of positive isolates, reference strains and
outgroup were constructed using maximum likelihood method based on Hasegawa-Kishino-
Yano+G+I model. The prevalence of Blastocystis infection among humans and domestic
animals by PCR assay were 18.5% (45/243) and 6.3% (2/32), respectively. Through molecular
phylogeny, 47 isolates were separated into five clusters containing isolates from both
hosts. Among human isolates, ST3 (53.3%) was the predominant subtype, followed by ST1
(31.1%) and ST2 (15.6%). Chicken and cattle had lower proportions of ST6 (50%) and ST10
(50%), that were barely seen in humans. The distinct distributions of the most important
STs among the host animals as well as humans examined demonstrate that there is various
host-specific subtypes in the lifecycle of Blastocystis.
2.Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 by Burkholderia pseudomallei- stimulated peripheral blood mononucleocytes of acute myeloid leukemia patients
Zulpa, A.K. ; Barathan, M. ; Iyadorai, T. ; Chandramathi, S. ; Vellasamy, K.M. ; Vadivelu, J. ; Gan, G.G. ; Anuar, N.A.
Tropical Biomedicine 2021;38(No.2):180-185
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease progressed from abnormal production of immature myeloid cells, which is often associated with concurrent infections after diagnosis. It was widely established that infections are the major contributors to mortality in this group due to the prevalency of neutropenia. Gram-negative Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. This disease had been reported in several neutropenic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy resulting in severe clinical presentations and high mortalities which is in need of critical attention. Studies show that cytokines are important mediators of melioidosis progression and low neutrophil counts are associated with progression of its severity. However, to date, there are no reports on cytokine production in neutropenic cancer patients who are prone to melioidosis. Hence, here we assessed the cytokine production in neutropenic AML patients by introducing B. pseudomallei to their peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture in vitro. We observed that inflammatory response related cytokines namely TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-6 and IL-10 were highly circulated in infected PBMCs suggesting that these cytokines may play important roles in the progression of severity in melioidosis infected neutropenic patients.