Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common sight-threatening retinal diseases.Visual acuity is not always restored after successful reattachment of the retina.Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to be the major cause of vision loss after RD through various pathways and their interactions,including caspase-dependent apoptosis,endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and non-apoptotic death forms,such as necroptosis,autophagy,and so on.Based on the understanding of the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death after RD,current efforts on combinatorial inhibition of multiple death pathways,targeting upstream molecules and enhancement of intrinsic neuroprotection would help us to protect photoreceptors effectively and improve visual acuity of RD patients.This review summarized current opinions on mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death and the potential treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS: Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS: Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions: rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION: Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China. In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply. The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases, and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases, establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.

Objective To explore the expression and significance of TGF-β1 and CTGF in the occurrence and development of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid TGF-β1 and CTGF concentrations in all subjects were serially detected by ELISA. Results Mean total TGF-β1 and CTGF in patients were elevated more than that in controls at the first day(P＜0.05).Thereafter the levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF fell by the third day, then rose to the second peak at the tenth day and remained significantly increase until the sixteenth day(P＜0.05).The levels of TGF-β1 was positive correlated CTGF. Conclusion The expressions of TGF-β1 and CTGF in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage showed two peaks character. After SAH, the concentration of TGF-β1 and CTGF concentration is related to chronic communicating hydrocephalus.

Schwann cells are the seed cells of tissue engineedng in the regeneration of peripheral nerve.so whether we can harvest enough Schwann cells of high purity is very important in the tissue engineering.Culture and purification technology of Schwann cells has been improved day by day.The classical cultural methods include tissue-clump cultural method and enzyme digestion cultural method.On the basis of the classical cultural methods,someone uses new technologies to delete fibroblasts,such as addition of cytosine arabinoside,addition of antimitogenic agents.The latest purified methods include magnetic activated-cells separation,co-culture with three-dimensional scaffolds and laminin-coated wells purified method.The aim of the skills above is to provide enough Schwann cells for the tissue engineering repeir of degenerated peripheral nerves.There are many ways of Schwann cells culture and purification.and we have made a primary progress,but it still needs further studies before the entire achievemenL such as long cycle,low activity in cultured calls,and the instable biological characteristics during passage culture,etc.

Objective To discuss the effect of modified venipuncture method on success rate of vcnipuncture, in order to alleviate the suffering of patients with emergency transfusion. Methods 380 cases of transfusion patients were randomly divided into the routine group and the modified group, rou-tine and modified venipuncture methods were applied to each group respectively. The success rate and pain response of each group were compared between the two groups by χ2 test. Results The success rate of venipuncture of the modified group was 93.50%, which was significantly higher than that of the routine group, and the rate of pain of the modified group was lighter than that of the routine group. Conclusions The modified venipuncture method can alleviate pain of patients, improve work efficien-cy and was worthy of clinical nursing application.

This article reviews a recently d is covered new peptide-growth hormone-releasing peptide: ghrelin. Ghrelin is secr eted by various tissues of body, mainly by gastric tissue. Ghrelin regulates GH release from pituitary, participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, inh ibits the proliferation of tumor cells and influences the cardiovascular functio n and the release of other hormones. The study of ghrelin in many fields is prel iminary and needs further investigation.

Objective To investigate treatment effects of correcte d severe blepharoptosis using an orbicularis oculi muscle flap. Meth ods After the lid creased incision, the subtaneous plane was dissect ed between the skin and the orbicularis oculi muscle, reaching as far as the sup erior margin of eyebrow. In a plane between the obicularis and the orbital sept um, the dissection was extended bluntly upward to above the superior orbital rim . to advance the orbicilaris oculi muscle flap to the tarsal plate and to suture the flap with the tarsus directly. Results Based on cri teria of the ″satisfactory″results by Souther, postoperative results of all bl ep haroptosis of twenty-four eyes in fifteen paitents were satisfactory. Conclusion The orbicularis oculi muscle flap for correction of s evere blepharoptosis is simple and reliable technique, which has several advanta ges over the conventional frontalis muscle flap technique, such as single incis ion on the supratarsal fold, the preservation of the function of frontalis mucle , no depression on the forehead, no risk of neurovascular injury and no asymmet rical eyebrows in unilateral ptosis.

The effect of adrenomedullin (AM) on insulin sensitivity in normal Wistar rats was investigated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in combination with isotope dilution technique. The infusion rates of AM during the clamp were 0, 0.05, 0.2, 1 ?g?kg~(-1)?min~(-1), rspectively. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) and hepatic glucose output (HGO) were calculated by the plasma 3-~(3)H-glucose specific activity. After AM infusion, the insulin-mediated glucose disposal was reduced in a dose-dependant manner. It indicated that high dose of AM could induce a marked state of insulin resistance, which was mainly characterized by inhibition of the effect of insulin to stimulate peripheral glucose metabolism.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the development of the core competitive power of domestic vitamin C manufacturing enterprises.METHODS:To analyse the characteristic of vitamin C industry in China and the competitive situation in the new market enviroment after China entry into WTO and to study the value chain of Chinese enterprises.RESULTS&CONCLU?SION:In order to develop the new core competitive power,it is important to breed the core of value chain that is based on in?novation.

Objective To determine whether attention allocation deficits contribute to nonfluent aphasia during orthography, phonology, and semantic processing with Chinese characters. Methods Sixteen patients and sixteen controls participated in single and dual tasks. In the single task participants were required to read Chinese characters silently and to make radical, semantic, and final sound judgments (for example, whether the charactersincluded the sound 'ang' ) simultaneously. During the dual task the only difference was that the participants wereasked to read the presented characters aloud and make the same three judgments. Reaction time and error rate were recorded and analysed. Results Reaction times in orthographic judgment were significantly longer for patients than for controls in both task setups. The error rate was also significantly higher. The patients' reaction times in makingphonological judgments in the dual task were significantly longer than in the single task, but there was no significantdifference in error rates between the patients and the controls. In making semantic judgments, neither reaction times nor error rates differed significantly with either the single or dual task protocol. Conclusion Attention allocation deficits play a key role in Chinese character orthographic and phonological processing for nonfluent aphasia sufferers.