China is the country with the biggest diabetic population in the world.Diabetes has become a heavy financial burden for diabetic patients,families,and society.This article briefly described pharmacoeconomic concepts and analysis methods,and systemically reviewed literatures in health economic data of DPP-4 inhibitors,in the hope of providing a new perspective for clinicians,researchers,and health care policy makers.

Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Losing weight is an effective way of improving insulin sensitivity, thus decreasing the risk of obesityassociated diabetes and chronic cardiovascular disease. There is evidence that Liraglutide, as a human glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) analogue, either using alone or combining with other glucose-lowering drugs, has effect on improving glycemic control, protecting β-cell function, and reducing body weight via inhibiting feeding behavior and delaying gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, liraglutide is a new option for treating type 2 diabetes patients.

AP-2,a nuclear transcription factor family,always binds to a typical DNA sequence in the dimer way,thus AP-2 can regulates the expression of many other genes and participate in the growth and devel-opment, apoptosis and many other physiological processes. Under pathological conditions, AP-2 also plays an im-portant role in tumor genesis and development by influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle regula-tion and apoptosis. Recent years,many researchers want to find new therapeutic strategies that target AP-2 in a series of human cancers.

The anthor introduced the status of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment in Victoria hospitals of Seychelles in detail based on his own working experiences.The kinds of diseases,careers of patients,therapeutic effects and so on for acupuncture and moxibustion treatment were summarized.Meanwhile,the author outlined the development history of acupuncture and moxibustion in Seychelles,and put forward that acupuncturists should well handle four aspects of things including culture,psychological difference,English level and therapeutic effects to stay in conformance with the new development.

At present,the standard for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)is imperfect.The risk factors of VAP include body position, medical staffing, invasive procedure and so on. To strengthen the education and management of medical staff, improve the standard of care and breast feeding can reduce the incidence rate of VAP.There are controversial that H2 blockers/sucralfate, selective digestive tract decontamination and topical treatment with skin barrier can reduce the incidence rate of VAP. Common pathogenic bacteria of VAP are Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Baumanii and so on in our country.Compreh-ensive prevention and treatment measures including selection of antibiotics appropriately and generalized supportive therapy should be applied.

Hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal is a common complication after the clinical high oxygen therapy. There is not specific and effective prevention and treatment. Recent research suggests that many factor play an important role in the repair and protection of hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal, such as growth factor, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,erythropoietin, anti-chemokine and anti-oxidation. The article reviews the molecular systems mechanisms in the pathologic process of hyperroxia-induced lung injury in neonatal.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 plays a role in the regulation of T cells, B cells, macrophages,dendritic cells,and keratinocytes. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is linked to many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis,juvenile diabetes, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis. It may have potential as a treatment for autoimmune diseases, however, additional research will focus on better quantify dosage and course of treatment.

Acute leukemia is one of the most common cancers among children.The biological mechanisms leading to leukemia have not been fully clarified until now.Experiments were improved that most patients developing acute leukemia had abnormal chromosomes,including TEL/AML-l,BCR/ABL,PML/RAR-α fusion genes,which would be potential clinical biomarkers.Many genetic polymorphisms have effect on acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility,which were containing genes involved in folate metabolism pathways,cytochrome P450,glutathione-S-transferase enzymes and quinone oxidoreductase-1.As the results of the studies,alcohol,tobacco,TNF-α and IFN-γ might be risk factors to the disease.Furthermore infection and IRF-3 were reported to reduce the occurrence of acute leukemia.Finally,as more is learned about the molecular pathology,it may be possible to develop new therapeutic agents which are specifically targeted to treat childhood acute leukemia.

Thl7 cells represent a new subset of CD4+ effector T cells which constitute the main subsets of CD4 T cells together with Th1,Th2 and Treg ce1ls.IL-17 is the main secretory product of Th17 cells,which plays important regulatory roles in autoimmune diseases,infectious diseases and tumors.Therefore,Th17 cells and related cytokines may provide promising targets and approaches for the treatment of diseases.

Objective To investigate the evaluation of professional image of practical nurses in hospi -talization patients, and put forward consideration and recommendation of the professional image construction of practical nurses. Methods A total of 580 in - patients from 2 hospitals were surveyed by self- administrated questionnaires, to understand the professional image of practical nurses in them. Results 25.2% of patients thought that the practice nurses' service qualities didn't meet the standards expected. Most patients considered that the training of nursing technique, language communication and occupational etiquette for nurses should be strengthened. Conclusions There is a gap between professional image of practical nurses and the patients' expectations. Practical nurses need to culture the professional level, language communication skills and professional etiquette.