Caries risk assessment (CRA) involves a combination and analysis of factors including individual's age, biological factors, and protective and clinical findings. CRA significantly guides pediatric dentists and oral health caregivers in their decision-making plan for clinical treatment. The following is an introduction on the aspects of harmfulness of childhood caries and CRA for children of different ages.
Child ; Dental Caries ; Humans ; Oral Health ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of gimeracil and oteracil porassium capsules combined with nedaplatin in the treatment of the patients with distant metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods Fourty cases were randomly divided into the observation group and control group by random digital table.19 cases in the observation group were treated with oteracil potassium capsules combined with nedaplatin.21cases in the observation group were treated with gemcitabine combined with nedaplatin.The response rate,response rate(RR) and progression free survival(PFS),toxicity were evaluated according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST).Results The response rate were 52.6％,52.3％ respectively,the median progression-free survival were 5.5 and 5.2 months,respectively.Grade Ⅲ an Ⅳ platelet supression were 10.5％,38.0％ between the observation group and control group.It was statistically significant between the two group(x2 =4.89,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Oteracil porassium capsules combined with nedaplatin is similar with gemcitabine combined with nedaplatin in the distant metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma,the adverse reaction was lighter than that of the control group.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for building harmonious pharmacist-patient relationship and standardizing the legal responsibility induced by drug injury events.METHODS:The related concepts such as the drug injury events and adverse drug reactions were compared and defined;the legal nature of the drug injury events was clarified and the legal responsibility arose from the drug injury events was analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Drug injury events as a legal fact can result in the emergence,change and elimination of the civil legal relationship between pharmacists and patients.The legal responsibility arose from the drug injury events include tort liability,administrative liability and criminal liability.

Health Personnel ; psychology ; Humans ; Love ; Rare Diseases ; therapy

China is the country with the biggest diabetic population in the world.Diabetes has become a heavy financial burden for diabetic patients,families,and society.This article briefly described pharmacoeconomic concepts and analysis methods,and systemically reviewed literatures in health economic data of DPP-4 inhibitors,in the hope of providing a new perspective for clinicians,researchers,and health care policy makers.

Objective:To observe the histopathological changes of transplanted rabbit breast tumor treated with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).Methods:Forty-two experimental rabbits were divided into HIFU group (n=35)and control group(n=7),HIFU ablation was completely performed in the HIFU group with ultrasound imaging guidance,and the pathological changes were examined immediately and on 1st,3rd,7th,14th,21st,28th day after HIFU treatment.Results:The target area of tumor appeared gray immediately after HIFU treatment;the morphology and arrangement of the cellular nucleus showed no obvious alteration in HE stained sections after HIFU ablation;however,electron microscopy revealed that the cellular membrane and nuclear membrane was rupturing,cell organelle destructed and appearance of vacuolus without membrane in cytoplasm;Enzyme histochemical staining showed that the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)in target area of tumor disappeared,also the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)was negative examined by using immunohistochemical staining,suggesting the death of tumor cells;The coagulative tissue got liquefied and absorbed with the extension of time,then it was substituted by fibrous tissue finally. Conclusion:HIFU can effectively destroy the transplanted rabbit breast tumor,it provided referred value for clinical application of HIFU in the treatment of breast cancer.

Weight management is an important step in the treatment and management for type 2 diabetes.Obesity,especially visceral fat accumulation,impairs the metabolism function.Excess of visceral fat is closely related to the development of insulin resistance,metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Liraglutide,the (GLP-1) analogue,shows its effects on glycaemic control as well as weight reduction which mainly involves reduction of visceral fat.The efficacy characteristics of liraglutide may benefit the comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes.

It is the trend worthing a close attention in the 21st century to consider the quality of life while focusing on control of epileptic seizures simultaneously during the treatment of epilepsy and related services. The impact of the epilepsy on many aspects of quality of life are caused by many factors, including the type of epilepsy, site of the epileptic loci, onset age, frequency of attack, duration and course of disease, and especially side effects of anti-epileptic drugs. In the treatment of epilepsy, choice of drugs should be made based on benefits and adverse effects, it is necessary to achieve better therapeutic effects, but also to reduce the impact of drugs on the level of intelligence in children and to promote the single-drug treatment. The purpose of the treatment of epilepsy is no longer aimed at seizure free as the end point, consideration must be given to beth the control of seizure and the improvement of the quality of life.

Objective To study the aglycone of the saponins from Mensamaria intercedens.Methods Complete acid hydrolysis of the glycoside mixture of the sea cucumber with 15%(H_(2)SO_(4))afforded an aglycone product that was separated by multichromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by chemical and spectral analyses.Results Two compounds were obtained and identified as 16?-acetoxy-9(11),22(23) E,24(25)-3?-hydroxyholost(Ⅰ),16?-acetoxy-8(9),22(23) E,24(25)-3?-hydroxyholost(Ⅱ).Conclusion Two compounds are new triterpenoids.

BACKGROUND: There was degeneration in the dermis only,but not necrosis completely after deep burn or mixed Degree Burns. After treatment with auto-skin grafting,the denatured dermis will recover to normal or close to normal morphology and structure. OBJECTIVE: To comparatively analyze the long-term effect of repair of deeply burned in function regions with large sheet of split-thickness auto-skin grafting with the preservation of denatured dermis or not during eschar shaving. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING: A case analysis was performed in Department of Burnt Surgery of Dongguan Qingxi Hospital from March 2006 to June 2008. PATICIPANTS: Fifty-eight patients with deep burn in function regions were randomly divided into three groups according to different therapy ways. METHODS: The denatured dermis of patients in derma excised group was cut completely during eschar shaving and large sheet of split-thickness auto-skin was transplanted. The necrotic crust was cleared away with pare scab or scrape scabby method and reserved the denatured derma in derma reserved group. The patients who did not agree to operating skin transplanted on clinic served as control group,and they were treated with dressing change means till wound healing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the bleeding volume in operation and scar proliferation after operating among the three groups,and evaluation the grade of the function. RESULTS: The bleeding volume in derma reserved group was less than that in dermis excised group during the operation. The survival rate of grafting skin in derma reserved group was lower than that in derma excised group. The shrinkage of grafting skin in derma excised group was more obvious than that in derma reserved group,and the long-term function would be worse than that in derma reserved group. The scar proliferation in control group was most obvious and the recovery of function was worst among the three groups. CONCLUSION: The good show and function was obtained to recovery of deep burn in function regions with large sheet of split-thickness auto-skin grafting and the preservation of denatured dermis during eschar shaving.