Use of ketosteril is a solution of supplying the essential aminoacide without complement of nitrogen for patient so limits the hyperuremia during renal failure. In order to enhance the effect of ketosteril, the patient should take up the low protein dietary. This dietary will limit the hyperuremia. The combination ketosteril with the low protein dietary better limits the hyperuremia, currently without leading to lack of essential aminoacid
ketosteril ; Amino Acids, Essential

Vilacid has 21 amino acids, in which has essential amino acids that help treatment for malnutrition in children, especially treat for children with dyspepsia. Clinical trial treated children of malnutrition suggest that its effect is to increase weight, subcutaneous fat, albumin and serum protein
Malnutrition ; Amino Acids, Essential ; therapeutics

inhibitor, 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH). The affinity of [14C]L-leucine uptake and the inhibition profiles of [14C]L-leucine uptake by various amino acids in the Saos2 cells were comparable with those for the LAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The majority of [14C]Lleucine uptake is, therefore, mediated by LAT1 in the Saos2 cells. These results suggest that the transports of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids into Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells are for the most part mediated by LAT1. Therefore, the Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells are excellent tools for examine the properties of LAT1. Moreover, the specific inhibition of LAT1 in tumor cells might be a new rationale for anti-tumor therapy.
Amino Acid Transport System L* ; Amino Acids ; Amino Acids, Essential ; Amino Acids, Neutral ; Humans* ; Oocytes ; Osteosarcoma* ; Xenopus

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a well-established method for providing nutrition in surgical patients. Fat emulsion is an important component of TPN not only as a high-energy source but also as a source of essential fatty acids. However, the recommended amount of lipid administration varies from author to author, and it is not clearly shown in most formulae. The aim of this study was to make a table for an adequate amount of fat emulsion with different mixtures of amino acids and dextrose solution, all of which being within the normal range (100:1-150:1) of nonprotein calories-nitrogen ratio (NCNR). The total nonprotein calories were calculated by multiplication of the nitrogen (weight) and the NCNR of normal ranges. The difference between the total nonprotein calories and the calories from the dextrose solution was the energy from the lipid emulsion and was converted to the volume of 10% fat emulsion solution (Y-axis). Dextrose solutions were already classified according to concentrations (15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5% and 25%). The ratio of calories from the lipid emulsion to those from the total nonprotein was calculated, and the values ranging from 20% to 60% were selected as the recommended volume. The numbers on the X-axis were the volumes of 8.5% amino-acid solution. Six oblique lines with different slopes could be gotten from the different concentrations of the dextrose solution and represented NCNRs of 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, and 150:1. The highest points for the six oblique lines were 60% nonprotein calories, and the lowest points were 20% nonprotein calories. The area between the upper imaginary line connecting all the highest points of the six oblique lines and the lower imaginary line connecting all the lowest points of six oblique lines was a complex of points providing the ideal NCNR and the ideal amount of fat emulsion in various volumes of 8.5% amino-acid solution in certain concentrations of dextrose solution. We conclude that such graphs can be used in a situation when modification of the formula is required during TPN.
Amino Acids ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Glucose ; Humans ; Nitrogen ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Reference Values

The continuous growth and proliferation of cells are essential for the wound healing process, and the amino acid transporters plays an important role in the continuous growing and proliferating cells. Among the amino acid transport systems, the amino acid transport system L, which is a Na+/-independent neutral amino acid transport system, is a major route for providing living cells including tumor cells with neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. In the present study, to elucidate the role of amino acid transport system L in the wound healing process, we investigated the expression pattern of LAT1 and LAT2 in the healing process after inflicting the wound on skin of rat. The expression of LAT1 was increased at 12 hours after inflicting the wound and was similar to the control group getting closer to 7 days. The expression of LAT2 was increased at 1 day and 3 days after inflicting the wound and was similar to the control group getting closer to 7 days. These results suggest that the LAT1 and LAT2 play important roles at the early stage and at the middle stage getting closer to normal skin in the wound healing process after inflicting the wound, respectively.
Amino Acid Transport System L ; Amino Acid Transport Systems* ; Amino Acids, Essential ; Amino Acids, Neutral ; Animals ; Rats* ; Skin* ; Wound Healing* ; Wounds and Injuries*

L-Phenylalanine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized in mammals in adequate amounts to meet the requirements for protein synthesis. Fungi and plants are able to synthesize phenylalanine via the shikimic acid pathway. L-Phenylalanine, derived from the shikimic acid pathway, is used directly for protein synthesis in plants or metabolized through the phenylpropanoid pathway. This phenylpropanoid metabolism leads to the biosynthesis of a wide array of phenylpropanoid secondary products. The first step in this metabolic sequence involves the action of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The discovery of PAL enzyme in fungi and the detection of 14CO2 production from 14C-ring-labeled phenylalanine and cinnamic acid demonstrated that certain fungi can degrade phenylalanine by a pathway involving an initial deamination to cinnamic acid, as happens in plants. In this review, we provide background information on PAL and a recent update on the presence of PAL genes in fungi.
Amino Acids, Essential ; Cinnamates ; Deamination ; Fungi ; Mammals ; Phenylalanine ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ; Plants ; Resin Cements ; Shikimic Acid

PURPOSE: Malnutrition is a strong predictor of increased morbidity and mortality in patients on maintenance dialysis. Although a number of studies were performed to determine effective treatment, there is no proven medication for malnutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of keto acids (ketosteril(R)) on serum albumin levels in hemodialysis patients with hypoalbuminemia. METHODS: Hemodialysis patients with hypoalbumineia (serum albumin < or = 3.8 g/dL) were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were previous supplementation of keto acids before the initiation of dialysis, acute infection, liver cirrhosis, malignancy and persistent hypercalcemia. Patients were treated with ketosteril for 6 months and serum albumin levels were compared to age- and gender-matched hemodialysis patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the baseline serum albumin levels between ketosteril group (n=19) and the control group (n=19). After 6 months, the mean (+/-SD) serum albumin level in the ketosteril group rose from 3.46+/-0.40 g/dL to 3.66+/-0.37 g/dL (p=0.01), but not the control group. However, the difference between the two groups was not significant (p=0.06). Multivariate analysis showed that the ketosteril supplementation (p=0.03) and the baseline serum albumin level (< or = 3.4 g/dL, p=0.04) were predictors of increased serum albumin. There was no severe hypercalcemia during the study period. CONCLUSION: There was an improvement of serum albumin levels in hemodialysis patients with hypoalbuminemia after the supplementation of keto acids.
Amino Acids, Essential ; Dialysis ; Humans ; Hypercalcemia ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Keto Acids ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Malnutrition ; Multivariate Analysis ; Renal Dialysis ; Serum Albumin

The periodontium is a topographically complex organ consisting of epithelial tissue, soft and mineralized tissues. Structures comprising the periodontium include the gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum and the alveolar bone. The molecular mechanism of differentiation in PDL fibroblast cells remain unclear. Amino acid transporters play an important role in supplying nutrition to normal and cancer cells and for cell proliferation. Amino acid transport system L is a major nutrient transport system responsible for the Na+-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The system L is divided into two major subgroups, the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and the L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2). In this study, the expression pattern of amino acid transport system L was, therefore, investigated in the differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. To determine the expression level of amino acid transport system L participating in intracellular transport of amino acids in the differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells, it was examined by RT-PCR, observation of cell morphology, Alizaline red-S staining and uptake analysis after inducing experimental differentiation in PDL fibroblast cells isolated from mouse molar teeth. The results are as follows. 1. The LAT1 mRNA was expressed in the early stage of PDL fibroblast cell differentiation. This expression level was gradually reduced by differentiation-inducing time and it was not observed after the late stage. 2. The expression level of LAT2 mRNA was increased in time-dependent manner during differentiation induction of PDL fibroblast cells. 3. There was no changes in the expression level of 4F2hc mRNA, the cofactor of LAT1 and LAT2, during differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. 4. The expression level of ALP mRNA was gradually increased and the expression level of Col I mRNA was decreased during differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. 5. The L-leucine transport was reduced by time from the early stage to the late stage in PDL fibroblast cell differentiation. As the results, it is considered that among neutral amino acid transport system L in differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells, the LAT1 has a key role in cell proliferation in the early stage of cell differentiation and the LAT2 has an important role in the late stage of cell differentiation for providing cells with neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids.
Amino Acid Transport System L* ; Amino Acid Transport Systems ; Amino Acids ; Amino Acids, Essential ; Amino Acids, Neutral ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Dental Cementum ; Fibroblasts* ; Gingiva ; Leucine ; Mice ; Molar ; Periodontal Ligament* ; Periodontium ; RNA, Messenger ; Tooth

This study was performed to determine the effect of dietary Na levels on plasma amino acid levels. Plasma amino acid levels were compared in 20 adult healthy women subjects who were given high Na diet (290.48 mEq/day : NaCl 17 g) or low Na diet (51.26 mEq/day : NaCl 3 g) for subsequent 6 days. Plasma essential amino acids levels were significantly decreased (36%) while plasma non-essential amino acids levels were significantly increased (22%) when subjects were given low Na diet (p < 0.001). Among essential amino acids, threonine was decreased (74%) significantly when subjects were given low Na diet (p < 0.01). Among nonessential amino acids, serine (49%), proline (20%) and aspartic acid (14%) were increased (p < 0.01), while arginine (48%) and glutamic acid (27%) were decreased (p < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary Na contents seemed to be an important factor to affect plasma amino acid levels. It would be appropriate to decrease the dietary Na intakes level considering the various clinical effects of dietary Na on the body fluid. For the patients who need low Na diet, it would be suggested that the level of dietary proteins should be carefully considered along with dietary Na manipulation.
Adult* ; Amino Acids ; Amino Acids, Essential ; Arginine ; Aspartic Acid ; Body Fluids ; Diet* ; Dietary Proteins ; Female ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Plasma* ; Proline ; Serine ; Sodium* ; Threonine

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that are not synthesized in our body; thus, they need to be obtained from food. They have shown to provide many physiological and metabolic benefits such as stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion, milk production, adipogenesis, and enhanced immune function, among others, mainly mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. After identified as a reliable marker of obesity and type 2 diabetes in recent years, an increasing number of studies have surfaced implicating BCAAs in the pathophysiology of other diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and even neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Here we discuss the most recent progress and review studies highlighting both correlational and potentially causative role of BCAAs in the development of these disorders. Although we are just beginning to understand the intricate relationships between BCAAs and some of the most prevalent chronic diseases, current findings raise a possibility that they are linked by a similar putative mechanism.
Adipogenesis ; Alzheimer Disease ; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain ; Amino Acids, Essential ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chronic Disease ; Heart Failure ; Insulin ; Metabolism ; Milk ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Obesity ; Sirolimus