Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality in many countries. Acute coronary syndrome is the basis pathophysiology of coronary heart disease. Complication of coronary atherosclerosis composes rupture of plaque and erosion of vulnerable plaque. Endothelial dysfunction is main influence of coronary plaque erosion. But then recently research oxidative stress and reaction of immunocomplex is leading cause of coronary plaque rupture. So the research background will study markers of endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, immune reaction in the complication of coronaryatherosclerosis. Aim: Determine the effect of some marker for causing complication of the coronary atherosclerosis. The research has been conducted using case-control study method. In the case group, patients with complication of the coronary atherosclerosis as determined by coronary angiography (stenosis >85%) as in the control group healthy people with carotid artery stenosis (<0.7mm) has been involved. In the study we defined Anti-oxLDL (anti-oxidized low density lipoprotein) using ELISA Kit (Eucardio Lab, USA) and oxLDL (oxidized low density lipoprotein) titer by ELISA Kit (Mercadio, USA), ADMA (Asymmetric dimethylarginine) titer by ELISA kit (Eucardio Lab, USA) reagents in the enzyme binding reaction. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined by using spectrophotometer method. The average age of people involved in the research is 57.2±9.72 and for the average age is case group 28 (32%) and 50 (68%) for the control group. ADMA titer level for complication of coronary atherosclerosis or case group is (30.1±1.98 ng/ml) which is (13.2±0.57 ng/ml) greater than the control group. It was statistically significant result (p<0.001). Also titer level for case group is oxLDL (72±2.75 mU/l), anti-oxLDL antibody (766±29.8 mU/ml), which is oxLDL (45.1±2.28 mU/l), anti-oxLDL antibody(603±17.74 mU/ml) greater than the control group. It was statistically significant result (p<0.001). But TAC titer level for control group is (116±2.47 nmol/l) which is (108.3±5.43 nmol/l) greater than the case group. It was not statistically significant result (p=0.098). According to the Binary Logistic Regression test the anti-oxLDL (OR=0.992, p<0.001), ADMA (OR=0.681, p<0.001), TAC (OR=1.017, p=0.105), oxLDL (OR=0.900, p<0.001) levels significantly influence the complication of coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore according to the Binary Logistic Regression test the anti-oxLDL level high significantly influence the complication of coronary atherosclerosis. Anti-oxLDL antibody titer are correlated directly with oxLDL (r=0.413, p<0.01), ADMA (r=0.42, p<0.001) levels. However, correlated negative directly with TAC (r=-0.233, p<0.01) level. Markers of endothelial dysfunction (ADMA OR=0.681, p<0.001) and oxidative stress (oxLDL, OR=0.900, p<0.001), (anti-oxLDL antibody, OR=0.992, p<0.001) high influence causing of complication of coronary atherosclerosis.

Introduction: A considerable proportionof adult living donor liver transplantation(LDLT) recipients experience biliarycomplication (BC), but there are few reportsregarding BC based on long-term studies ofa large LDLT population.Methods: The present study examinedBC incidence, from 16 adult and pediatricpatients (14 right liver and 2 left liver graft )between 2011 and 2016 First Central Hospitalof Mongolia.Results: The mean follow-up period was36±1 months. First Central Hospital has DDanastmosis (n=22) double DD (n=2) singlehepaticojejunostomy (n=3). There 3 caseshave biliary stricture after operation. One ofthe 3 cases has biliary laek 2 months laterafter the operation.Conclusion: Close surveillance for BCappears necessary for at least the first 3 yrafter LDLT. In terms of anastomotic stenosisrisk, HJ appears a better choice than DD forright liver grafts involving ducts less than 4mm in diameter.

NEED FOR STUDY AND GOAL: There is no data available on pupil’s health with relation to the school environmental condition and organization of educational activities in Mongolia. Therefore, the goal of the study was to assess organization of the educational activities and conduct hygienic assessment of chemical and bacteriological contamination in the school environment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in this cross sectional study from the 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags.Hygiene conditions of school was assessed and organization of educational activities evaluated by class timetable and pupil’s notes of daily regime.RESULT: Timetable of lessons: It was observed that in some cases teachers’ taught to primary pupils Mathematics and Mongolian language for 2 sequential hours, depending on some indexes such as lesson content, capacity and student’s activity. According to timetable of lessons of the secondary schools, pupils have lessons for 32-34 hours in a week. It was revealed that most schools have 2-3 hours more than standard timetable and heavy lessons were taught for 2-3 sequential hours. For the secondary classes, average length of classes was 32-34 hours in a week which indicates 2-3 hours longer timetable. There was no special place for physical training and movement games etc where pupil can do physical exercise, relax and enjoy school life. DAILY REGIME: pupils have been spending most of their time watching TV and listening music and spending few hours to help housework, to read a book and to prepare meal. Urban pupils spent total of 0.5-1 hour for coming to school and going to home but rural pupils spent 20-30 minutes approximately. RESULT OF THE LABORATORY ANALYSIS: The bacteriological analysis of 36 classes in schools showed that before lesson, 94.4% of classes were clean while 5.6% was contaminated in first season of school year. After the lesson, percentage of classes without contamination had been dropped to 88.8% and classes with contamination had been increased to 11.2%. In the 4th season of school year, before lesson 61.6% of classes was clean and 16.6% was contaminated and 22.3% was highly contaminated. Moreover, after the lesson, classes without contamination had been dropped to 27.7% while 72.3% was at high level contamination.CONCLUSION: 1. Time table of lessons and break time management is inadequate in the schools and 32-39.1% of pupils do not follow the daily regime. 2. In the end of day, chemical and bacteriological contamination increased in the classes.

INTRODUSTION: There have been limited research studies done in Mongolia on health status of children in relation to density of children in school classrooms.GOAL: This study aims to evaluate learning ability of children in Mongolia and develop recommendations for next intervention measures.MATERIALS AN METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in a cross sectional study that included 6 classes from 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags. The test of letter drawing created by of V.Ya.Anfi mova was used to evaluate the pupil’s learning skills. This test was performed at the fi rst and last classes in each day of which was tested at the beginning (I quarter or September) and end (IV quarter or May) of the academic year.For each tests we accounted the mean of drawing letter, mean of mistake for 500 letter and standard deviation.RESULTS: The results of pupil’s letter drawing tests were compared by quarter for fi rst and last classes in each day. Pupil’s learning ability of class 4 was enough while other classes were not enough (P index 1) on the fi rst and last tests.CONCLUSION: Pupil’s learning ability has been changed by the same way of physiological adaptation process of child.Pupil’s learning ability had been decreased in last tests of each day and on Friday which was revealed by letter drawing test.Pupil’s learning ability of classes between 4 to 9 were not enough on the fi rst term while 4th class was good enough on the forth term (P index 1).

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality in many countries. Acute coronary syndrome is the basis pathophysiology of coronary heart disease. Complication of coronary atherosclerosis composes rupture of plaque and erosion of vulnerable plaque. Endothelial dysfunction is main influence of coronary plaque erosion. But then recently research oxidative stress and reaction ofimmunocomplex is leading cause of coronary plaque rupture. So the research background will study markers of endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, immune reaction in the complication of coronaryatherosclerosis. Aim: Determine the effect of some marker for causing complication of the coronary atherosclerosis.The research has been conducted using case-control study method. In the case group, patients with complication of the coronary atherosclerosis as determined by coronary angiography (stenosis >85%) as in the control group healthy people with carotid artery stenosis (<0.7mm) has been involved. In the study we defined Anti-oxLDL (anti-oxidized low density lipoprotein) using ELISA Kit (Eucardio Lab, USA) and oxLDL (oxidized low density lipoprotein) titer by ELISA Kit (Mercadio, USA), ADMA (Asymmetric dimethylarginine) titer by ELISA kit (Eucardio Lab, USA) reagents in the enzyme binding reaction. Totalantioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined by using spectrophotometer method. The average age of people involved in the research is 57.2±9.72 and for the average age is case group 28 (32%) and 50 (68%) for the control group. ADMA titer level for complication of coronaryatherosclerosis or case group is (30.1±1.98 ng/ml) which is (13.2±0.57 ng/ml) greater than the control group. It was statistically significant result (p<0.001). Also titer level for case group is oxLDL (72±2.75 mU/l), anti-oxLDL antibody (766±29.8 mU/ml), which is oxLDL (45.1±2.28 mU/l), anti-oxLDL antibody(603±17.74 mU/ml) greater than the control group. It was statistically significant result (p<0.001). But TAC titer level for control group is (116±2.47 nmol/l) which is (108.3±5.43 nmol/l) greater thanthe case group. It was not statistically significant result (p=0.098). According to the Binary LogisticRegression test the anti-oxLDL (OR=0.992, p<0.001), ADMA (OR=0.681, p<0.001), TAC (OR=1.017, p=0.105), oxLDL (OR=0.900, p<0.001) levels significantly influence the complication of coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore according to the Binary Logistic Regression test the anti-oxLDL level high significantly influence the complication of coronary atherosclerosis. Anti-oxLDL antibody titer arecorrelated directly with oxLDL (r=0.413, p<0.01), ADMA (r=0.42, p<0.001) levels. However, correlated negative directly with TAC (r=-0.233, p<0.01) level.Markers of endothelial dysfunction (ADMA OR=0.681, p<0.001) and oxidative stress (oxLDL, OR=0.900, p<0.001), (anti-oxLDL antibody, OR=0.992, p<0.001) high influence causing of complication of coronary atherosclerosis.

BackgroundOut of total 209550 cases of cardiovascular diseases in 2011, 66,7% were newly registered cases.Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of mortality in Mongolia; an estimated 6291 peopledied from CVDs in 2011, representing 36.7% of all deaths. It shows that CVD mortality level is higherthan in other countries.Materials and MethodsOur survey is a cross sectional study. We have investigated 600 people of the age of 20-40 whowere randomly selected from 6 urban districts of Ulaanbaatar city. With a permission #4 issued bythe Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health on 25th March 2011, our survey wascarried out between the 1st of July 2011 and the 1st of January 2012 based on the Functional DiagnosticLaboratory, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Biomedicine, Health SciencesUniversity of Mongolia.ResultsThe CAVI was significantly higher (p<0.001) in 30-40 aged adults (6.68, 95% CI 6.58-6.78) than 20-29 aged adults (6.42, 95% CI 6.32-6.52). Also CAVI has a direct correlation with the cholesterol level(p<0.05, R2=0,011). Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels were significantly higher (p<0.05)in men than women. Framingham Heart Score was in the normal range in 99.2% of the participantswith 4 cases having the score of 10% or higher representing a risk score.ConclusionsDislipidemia, overweight and obesity in young adults are the main causes of vascular dysfunctionsleading to cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the findings of the study demonstrate that helping youths todevelop healthy lifestyles including healthy eating and physical activities shall play a critical role for theprevention and intervention programs designed for development of healthy behavior and lifestyle fromchildhood, especially for the male population, are vital for fulfillment of this role.

BackgroundHuman-induced climate change will affect the lives of most populations in the next decade and beyond. The impact of meteorological conditions on human health has been reported globally. There is a need to conduct surveys for correlation between climate change and human health.GoalTo study the impact of air temperature on human health in selected aimags and city districts.Materials and MethodsIn order to study how climate change and air quality parameters affect human health we selected Zavhan, Selenge, Dornod, and Umnugobi aimags which represent different climate zones and 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city during 2009-2011. All data for respiratory system disease J00-J99, circulatory system disease I00-I99, were collected from soum, district’s hospital, and aimag and soum’s Department of health.ResultsDuring the study period, a total number of 8649 incidences of respiratory disease are registered. From them 74.2 percent are influenza and pneumonia (J09-J18), 17.6 percent are other acute lower respiratory infections (J20- J22), and 8.2 percent are asthma (J45-J45.9). For cardiovascular disease 15288 incidences are registered. From them 65.6 percent are hypertensive disease (I10-I15), 23.6 percent are ischemic heart disease, and 10.8 percent are cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69). The lower the air temperature, higher the incidence of influenza and pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infections, hypertensive, and ischemic heart disease.ConclusionsCold weather is correlated with a higher incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction : Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that occurs during childhood development, which presents with signs of reduced attention and hyperactivity [1]. Necessary nutrients, such as trace minerals, including manganese, iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, and chromium, are associated with changes in neuronal function that can lead to adverse effects on behavior and learning [2]. In addition to these, social, emotional, behavioral problems, and cognitive impairments such as executive dysfunctions are common in ADHD [3]. Goal: To evaluate the hair elements and intelligence quotient in children with ADHD. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional comparative study conducted at elementary schools of Ulaanbaatar city. All in all 60 children of both genders aged between 7-12 years old were included in the study. Children were divided into two groups as children with ADHD group and a control group. Each group had 30 children. For assessment of emotional Intelligence EQ-i:YV - Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (Bar-On & Parker, 2000; it ad. Sannio Fancello, & Cianchetti, 2012) was used. Scalp hair samples were randomly collected from approximately ten sites around both sides of posterior parietal eminences and external occipital protuberance. Samples were then packed at room temperature and submitted for laboratory analysis. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Reg. No. 2018/Д-10). Results: The IQ of children with ADHD group were 85.03±16.86 p<.0001 and the IQ of control group =108.9±21.22, p<.0001. We identified hair minerals such as Mg, Zn, Pb, Se, Mn. We have then compared to each group and normal ranges of ages. ADHD group and the control group had Pb concentration that was slightly higher and inversely Mg concentration was slightly lower (r=-0.502, p=.005). Concentration of Pb, IQ were directly opposite (r=-0.38, p=.03). Conclusion
1. IQ was lower in the ADHD group compared to control group 85.03±16.86 p<.0001, monitored group 108.9±21.22, p<.0001.
2. The group with ADHD had lower Mg, Zn, and higher Pb, Se, Mn (p<.0001). The IQ decreased when there was increased Pb and decreased Mg.

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are steadily increasing both globally and in Mongolia. As these rates rise, traditional Mongolian medicine has long utilized herbal formulas for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers and precancerous conditions. One such formulation—Hot Natured 3 Herbs (HN3H)—comprises three species from the Ranunculaceae family: Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.. However, scientific validation of its anti-tumor effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HN3H in a tumor-induced animal model. Aim: To identify the biologically active compounds of HN3H and evaluate their effect in an experimentally induced tumor model in animals. Materials and Methods: The three herbs comprising HN3H—Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.—were collected during their flowering stage (May–June) in Khishig-Undur, Bulgan province, and dried according to official procedures. Extraction was carried out by maceration in 96% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. The concentrated extract was suspended in water (1:1) and successively fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Protocol №2020/03-04). A colorectal cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of MC-38 cells (Kerafast, USA) into C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CK20, CDX2, Ki67, and p53 antibodies at 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions. Results: The ethanol extract of HN3H contained 2.98±0.04% total phenolics and 2.16±0.05% total flavonoids. Body weight and tumor volume were measured daily with three repetitions. All groups showed a time-dependent increase in body weight. Mice in groups 1A and 1B received ethanol extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses; groups 2A and 2B received dichloromethane extract at the same doses. The negative control group was administered 0.5 mg/kg PBS orally, while the positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at 10 mg/kg twice a week. Tumor growth increased in a time-dependent manner across groups. Compared to the negative control, tumor volumes in four treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction (p˂0.05), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the positive control (p=0.08). Histological analysis revealed necrosis in all groups, with variation in extent. Conclusion The ethanol extract of HN3H exhibited moderate levels of phenolic compounds and a high concentration of flavonoids. HN3H extract inhibited tumor progression and activated lymphocyte-predominant inflammation in tumor tissues, indicating potential anti-tumor activity (p˂0.05).