Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) is a debilitating illness commonly encountered in primary care. Its prevalence in developing countries is rising as a result of an ageing population, and an escalating epidemic of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. CHF can be specifically diagnosed as Heart Failure with Reduced Systolic Function (HF-RSF) or Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function (HF-PSF). This paper illustrates a common presentation of HF-PSF in primary care; and critically appraises the evidence in support of its diagnosis, prognosis and management. Regardless of the specific diagnosis, long term management of CHF is intricate as it involves a complex interplay between medical, psychosocial, and behavioural factors. Hence, there is a pressing need for a multidisciplinary team management of CHF in primary care, and this usually takes place within the broader context of an integrated chronic disease management programme. Primary care physicians are ideally suited to lead multidisciplinary teams to ensure better co-ordination, continuity and quality of care is delivered for patients with chronic conditions across time and settings. Given the rising epidemic of cardiovascular risk factors in the Malaysian population, preventive strategies at the primary care level are likely to offer the greatest promise for reducing the growing burden of CHF.

Background: Large population surveys in Malaysia have consistently shown minimal improvement of blood pressure control rates over the last 10 years. Poor adherence to antihypertensive medication has been recognized as a major reason for poor control of hypertension. This study aimed to describe the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive agents in 2 public primary care clinics and assess its appropriateness in relation to current evidence and guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional survey to describe the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive agents was carried out in 2 public primary care clinics in Selangor from May to June 2009. Hypertensive patients on pharmacological treatment for ≥1 year who attended the clinics within the study period of 7 weeks were selected. Appropriate use of antihypertensive agents was defined based on current evidence and the recommendations by the Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on the Management of Hypertension, 2008. Data were obtained from patients’ medical records and were analysed using the SPSS software version 16.0. Results: A total of 400 hypertensive patients on treatment were included. Mean age was 59.5 years (SD ±10.9, range 28 to 91 years), of which 52.8% were females and 47.2% were males. With regards to pharmacotherapy, 45.7% were on monotherapy, 43.3% were on 2 agents and 11.0% were on ≥3 agents. Target blood pressure of <140/90mmHg was achieved in 51.4% of patients on monotherapy, and 33.2% of patients on combination of ≥2 agents. The commonest monotherapy agents being prescribed were β-blockers (atenolol or propranolol), followed by the short-acting calcium channel blocker (nifedipine). The commonest combination of 2-drug therapy prescribed was β-blockers and short-acting calcium channel blocker. Conclusion: This study shows that the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive agents in the 2 primary care clinics was not in accordance with current evidence and guidelines. β-blockers and short-acting preparations were commonly used both as monotherapy and combination treatment. Thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors and long acting calcium channel blockers were underutilised in this study, despite robust evidence to support their use. Evidence have also shown that simplifying the number of daily doses is effective in improving adherence, therefore a wider use of generic once daily preparation should be strongly advocated in public primary care clinics.

Diabetes mellitus is an important cardiovascular risk factor. The objective of this study was to provide population-based estimates on the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rate of diabetes among the older persons in Malaysia. Analysis of secondary data from a cross-sectional national population-based survey was done, which was conducted in 2011 throughout Malaysia. A total of 2764 respondents (15.5%) were older persons. The overall prevalence of diabetes among older persons was 34.4% in which 65.2% were aware of their diabetes status. Out of those who were aware, 87.5% had been treated. Only 21.8% of those treated had their diabetes controlled. The results of multiple logistic regression showed that the factors associated with higher awareness rates were women, Indians and higher income groups; factors associated with higher treatment rates were urban residents and those who were married and widow/widower/ divorcee. There was a high overall prevalence, awareness and treatment rate of diabetes among older persons in Malaysia but with suboptimal control rate.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Aged ; prevention & control ; Therapeutics