The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses a number of injurious processes, including an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs to inhaled particles and gases. Other processes, such as failure to resolve inflammation, abnormal cell repair, apoptosis, abnormal cellular maintenance programs, extracellular matrix destruction (protease/antiprotease imbalance), and oxidative stress (oxidant/antioxidant imbalance) also have a role. The inflammatory responses to the inhalation of active and passive tobacco smoke and urban and rural air pollution are modified by genetic and epigenetic factors. The subsequent chronic inflammatory responses lead to mucus hypersecretion, airway remodeling, and alveolar destruction. This article provides an update on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes in the pathogenesis of COPD. During the past decade a plethora of studies have unravelled the multiple roles of nitric oxide (NO) in airway physiology and pathophysiology. In the respiratory tract, NO is produced by a wide variety of cell types and is generated via oxidation ofL-arginine that is catalyzed by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS). NOS exist in three distinct are forms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO derived from the constitutive are forms of NOS (nNOS and eNOS) and other NO-adduct molecules (nitrosothiols) have been shown to be modulators of bronchomotor tone. On the other hand, NO derived from iNOS seems to be a proinflammatory mediator with immunomodulatory effects. Finally, the production of NO under oxidative stress conditions secondarily generates strong oxidizing agents (reactive nitrogen species) that may modulate the development of chronic inflammatory airway diseases and/or amplify the inflammatory response.

Introduction: The training of traditional medicine is closely related to its origin. However, the great number of Mongolian and foreign scientists have been conducting the scientific papers during the last years and getting the fundamental contribution to develop the education system of Mongolian traditional medicine. Goal: Therefore, we conducted the research paper with the purpose to properly determine the education system of tradition medicine. • To clarify the historical development of education development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine • To compare and clarify the training of Mongolian Traditional Medicine with the modern education system • To clarify the education level of Mongolian Traditional Medicine Materials and Methods: Books including the origins relevant to the history of Mongolian Traditional Medicine kept in Mongolian Central Library and Natsagdorj’s library, creatures for academic degree related to the Mongolian Traditional Medicine kept in the Central Liberary of Scientific Technology were used and based on the following methodology, the research paper was conducted, herein 1. Study of original manuscript and source materials: Method expressing the transformation legitimacy of information based on a particular traditional historical bibliography and original manuscript by M.Otgonbayar (1995) 2. Method of historical comparision 3. Supposition method Results: In order to reach the main purpose of our research paper, we determined the training system of the education system of Mongolian Traditional Medicine based on the historical frequency of Mongolian Traditional Medicine and clarify whether the Mongolian Traditional Medicine were in every frequency or not by researching and finding the books and teachings. In accordance with the Mongolian Law on Education, and provisions of Law of High Education, and historical books and writings, present research paper was conducted. Furthermore, with the purpose to clarify the level of high education, the following result has been reached when comparing the modern medical level with the provisions of (Law on higher education). Conclusions:1. The total of 8 frequency of ages of traditional medicine development, including the basics of the education system of Mongolian Traditional Medicine, was originated from BC 209 to AC 1206 or the training of traditional medicine was established, the education system of Mongolian Traditional Medicine was consisted from 1206 to 1578, the training of traditional medicine was developed fromХYI century to the middle of ХIХ century, the education system of Mongolian Traditional Medicine was formed from the middle of ХIХ century to 1921, the traditional medicine was developed with the foundation of modern medicine from 1921 to 1942, the starting of traditional medicine of socialism age was developed from 1942 to 1990, restoration of the education system of Mongolian Traditional Medicine from 1990 to1996, and new age of the education development of Mongolian Traditional Medicine was started from 1996 to nowadays. 2. The training system of Traditional Medicine for physicians was formed with several stages 3. Depending on the stage in which physicians of Traditional Medicine studies, the education degree was conferred similar to the modern days’ education system.

Background. This study is to determine mode of metabolism on triple collaboration bridges of traditional medicine, modern medicine and NCM.Goal. To determine membrane redoxy potentials three line involves important regulation factors on mode of metabolism which relationship connected with rlung, mkris, and badgan symbolic code.Materials and Methods. Only 81 healthy individuals were involved in the study. Proton leak was determined by quantity rate of MDA in cell membrane and membrane resistance, proton conductance was determined by serum and urine oxidase activity.Results. The table 1 shows quantity rate of membrane resistance was decreased 1.08-1.52 fold, HDL content was decreased, and however LDL was increased. This result is to manifest low proton leak which means this type is likely belonged to badgan symbolic code with qualities cold fatty, earth, water. The table 2 shows serum and urine oxidize activity 2.22-6.1 fold was increased, HDL content was increased; UCP-3 gene activity relatively was increased. This result is to manifest highproton conductance which means this type is likely belonged to mkris symbolic code with qualities hot fatty, fire.Conclusions:1. Individuals with high proton leak and slow proton conductance had serum and urine oxidize activity were weak, therefore there are visceral and subcutaneous fat were low.2. Individuals with medium proton leak and high proton conductance had serum and urine oxidize activity were high, therefore there are visceral was low and subcutaneous fat was high.3. Individuals with weak proton leak and medium proton conductance had serum and urine oxidize activity were medium, therefore there are visceral was high and subcutaneous fat was low.

Introduction: The training of traditional medicine is closely related to its origin.However, the great number of Mongolian and foreign scientists have been conducting the scientific papers during the last years and getting the fundamental contribution to develop the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine.Goal: Therefore, we conducted the research paper with the purpose to properly determine the education system of tradition medicine.• To clarify the historical development of education development of Traditional Mongolian Medicine• To compare and clarify the training of Traditional Mongolian Medicine with the modern education system.• To clarify the education level of Traditional Mongolian Medicine.Materialsand Methods:Books including the origins relevant to the history of Traditional Mongolian Medicine kept in The State Central Library of Mongoliaand Natsagdorj’s library, creaturesfor academic degree related to the Traditional Mongolian Medicine kept in the Mongolian foundation for Science and Technology library of were used and based on the following methodology, the research paper was conducted, herein1. Study of original manuscript and source materials: Method expressing the transformation legitimacy of information based on a particular traditional historical bibliography and original manuscript by M.Otgonbayar (1995).2. Method of historical comparision: We tried to conclude history of Mongolian education system and actual process of historical development from ancient time to modern days based on the proper evidences.3. Supposition method:In order to determine the document, information and historical activities in a particular age, the method of the research paper to recite them, was used.Result: In order to reach the main purpose of our research paper, we determined the training system of the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine based on the historical frequency of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and clarify whether the Traditional Mongolian Medicine were in every frequency or not by researching and finding the books and teachings. Furthermore, with the purpose to clarify the level of high education, the following result has been reached when comparing the modern medical level with the provisions of (Law on higher education). In accordance with the Mongolian Law on Education, and provisions of Law on High Education, and historical books and writings, present research paper was conducted.Conclusions:1. The total of 8 frequency of ages of traditional medicine development, including the basics of the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, was originated from BC 209 to AC 1206 or the training of traditional medicine was established, the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine was consisted from 1206 to 1578, the training of traditional medicine was developed fromХYI century to the middle of ХIХ century, the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine was formed from the middle of ХIХ century to 1921, the traditional medicine was developed with the foundation of modern medicine from 1921 to 1942, the starting of traditional medicine of socialism age was developed from 1942 to 1990, restoration of the education system of Traditional Mongolian Medicine from 1990 to1996, and new age of the education development of Traditional Mongolian Medicine was started from 1996 to nowadays.2. The training system of Traditional Medicine for physicians was formed with several stages3. Depending on the stage in which physicians of Traditional Medicine studies, the education degree was conferred similar to the modern days’ education system.

Rotenone is a specific inhibitor of the NADH dehydrogenase complex. In mitochondria, rotenone inhibitsthe oxidation of NADH to NAD, thereby blocking the oxidation of NAD and the substrates such asglutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and pyruvate. Rotenone also inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chainbetween diphosphopyridine nucleotide and flavine.2, 4-Dinitrophenol – (DNP) is lipophilic weak acids that pick up a proton, transport across the mitochondrialinner membrane into the matrix, deprotonate, then exit as anions before repeating the catalytic cycle,and dissipating the proton gradient. In this situation, electrons continue to pass through the electrontransport system, reduce oxygen to water and metabolic rate, heat are increased, but ATP is lesssynthesized in this process.The macrolide antibiotic - oligomycin binds to the surface of the c8-10 ring of the Fo domain of ATPsynthase, making contact with two neighboring molecules and blocking proton flow, which explains theinhibitory effect on ATP synthesis. Intraperitoneal injection of oligomycin into the rat (0.5 mg per kg)reduces the oxygen consumption by about 50%; decreases ATP production by the aerobic pathway andincreases formation of lactate in blood serum. These changes may cause a decelerated metabolism andan increased formation of free radicals or ROS in membranes.

BackgroundThe overindulging alcohol leads to the structural changes in neurons of the brain, and to damages ofthe brain cognitive processes.GoalTo determine the neuroprotective effect of complex herbal medicine «Sedaphyte» on ethanol inducedexperimental animal model.MethodsWe determined an abilities of avoid the inactive - unconditional reflex of rats on ethanol inducedexperimental model in dose 40% ethanol 9 ml/кg during 45 days per os. We were measured thequantity of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of catalyze in brain tissue and analyzed thehistology of brain tissue. The water infusion of complex herbal medicine «Sedaphyte» used in dose1,0 ml/100g, also in comparison group was used Pyracetam in dose 200 mg/kgResultsThe complex herbal medicine «Sedaphyte» preserved the inactive - unconditional reflex of rats onchronically administrated ethanol in the form of keep in the dark chamber period was enhanced in67 - 70% after 24 hours and in 44, 3 - 66, 8% after 7 days in comparison with control group. Also“Sedaphute” was decreased the amount of dark hyperchromic cell in hippocampus of rats brain onethanol - induced alcoholic intoxication in 40%, the concentration of MDA in 52% and enhanced thecatalyse activity in 30% in comparison with control group.Conclusion. Our studies were shown that the complex herbal medicine “Sedaphyte” hasneuroprotective effect in the experimental alcoholic intoxication. The principal mechanism of thispharmacological neuroprotective action is connected with the inhibition on lipid peroxidation andstimulatation on the antioxidant system of complex herbal medicine “Sedaphyte”.

Many plants have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in traditional system of medicine and in other ancient systems of the world. Out of these only a few have been evaluated as per modern system of medicine. From many such plants only extracts have been prepared and their usefulness evaluated in experimental diabetes in animals. In some plants like extract Antidiabetes-3 (Cynarascolymus L,DasiphorafruticosaRydb. L,Tribulusterrestris) active hypoglycemic principles have been isolated and their mechanism of action studied. Most of them seem to act directly on in vitro assays to glucose uptake effects in normal and disiese human blood. Some have extra pancreatic effect also by acting directly on tissues like liver, muscle etc. and alter favourably the activities of the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and other pathways. Since the plant products have less side effects, they have the potential as good hypoglycemic drugs. They may also provide clues for the development of new and better oral drugs for diabetes. We have compared the in PBS of normal and disiese human blood, proves the glucose uptake effect of the Antidiabetes-3 preparation.

During many hundred years, our foregathers have used various medicinal plants. It is important that we should do research based on scientigic that to abstract biological activity plants that is unknown still now, to seen sharp and harmgul features, to assort with physical and chemical features etc. Historically in the traditional medicine Rhododendron Adamsi.Rуhd, Rhododendron nivale Hook.fwere used as the preparation against different types of irritations as they have certain effects to increase immune, to cure lung desease, to decrease blood pressure. Within the frame of our research we screened the impact of Rhododendron Adamsi.Rуhd, Rhododendron nivale Hook.fonto hepatocyte’s membrane pereoxidation.

Preparation of the water Extract from Antidiabet-31:10 was suspended in distilled water (100 mL) and allowed to stand at 4◦C. It was then filtered through several layers of muslin cloth and filtrate (water extract) was discarded Male Shinshila rabbits, weighing 1.5–2.7 kg, were rendered diabetic with an injection of 100 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate into a marginal ear vein. To reduce risk of nephrotoxicity from hyperuricemia, a 7 ml/kg body wt intravenous injection of 0.9% saline was given immediately after the injection ofalloxan. To counteract initial hypoglycemia, 3.5– 4.0 g glucose/kg body wt was given subcutaneously [27.5% (wt/vol) solution] 5– 6 h after the injection of alloxan. Diabetes was defined by a blood glucose concentration 16.9 mmol/l on 1 day. The total number of rabbits used was 28. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation of blood glucose, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol,triglycerides (TG), ‘’Humylazer 2000’’ chemistry analyzers automated (Human, Germany). As shown in Table 1, showed significant antihyperglycemic activity (p<0.05). Antidiabet-3 (AD3) and control failed to achieve euglycemia but caused a significant (p< 0.05) reduction in glucose levels compared to their initials values. The result of the experiment were confirmed that using by blood glucose in antidiabet-3 treatment groups taken for an observation at 3 dayfrom it was decreased to 22.20±2.5 (2.88%), post 7 day it was decreased 19.03±2.75 (14.3%), post 14 day it was 14.86±0.80 (33.06%), which it is showed may increase the blood glucose from diabetic rabbits.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from insulin deficiency, characterized by hyperglycemia, altered metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and lipids, and an increased risk of vascular complication. Healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. There are over 1500 plants on our planet that have anti-diabetes properties. Research findings suggest that more than 400 plant species showing hypoglycemic activity on experimental diabetes in animals. Recently, numbers of high level researches were conducted worldwide to study the nature and mechanism to treat diabetes, tens of methods were discovered, and dozens of medical herbs were studied, yet very few herbal hypoglycemic drugs without side effects and at low cost are found. Scientists are still in search for development of new and better oral drugs for diabetes without side effects at relatively low cost. Materials and Methods: Preparation of the water extract from Antidiabet-3 1:10 was suspended in distilled water (100 ml) and allowed to stand at 4◦ C. It was then filtered through several layers of muslin cloth and filtrate (water extract) was discarded. Male and female Chinchilla rabbits, weighing 1.5–2.7 kg, were obtained from Biocombinat State Owned Enterprise, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The total number of rabbits used was 30. They were housed at a temperature of 22 ± 20C with a schedule of 12 h light and 12 h dark cycle. They were acclimatized to laboratory conditions at least for 1 week beforecarrying out any experimental work. The experimental protocol for the present study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of Health Sciences University of Mongolia. Experimental diabetes was induced in rabbits with alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) (Sigma Chemicals, USA) injected intravenously to overnight fasted rabbits through their marginal ear vein. To reduce risk of nephrotoxicity from hyperuricemia, a 7 ml/kg body wt intravenous injection of 0.9% saline was given immediately after the injection of alloxan. To counteract initial hypoglycemia, 3.5-4.0 g glucose/kg body wt was given subcutaneously [27.5% (wt/vol) solution] 5-6 h after the injection of alloxan. Hyperglycemia of the rabbit with a permanent blood glucose concentration of >16.9 mmol/l was established 24 h after alloxan injection. For this study, a blood glucose level greater than 14 mmol/ liter (200mg/dl) was an indication of hyperglycemia. Aqueous crude extract of the Antidiabet-3 preparation was administration orally in dosage 0.5 ml/kg alloxan induced diabetic rabbits and fasting blood glucose monitored over a period of 14 days. Metformin in dosage of 7.4mg/kg was chosen as a comparative remedy. Results: The total number of rabbits used was 28. Diabetes was defined by a blood glucose concentration 16.9 mmol/l on 1 day. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation of blood glucose, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), ‘’Humylazer 2000’’ chemistry analyzers automated (Human, Germany). The initial serum glucose concentration had an average value of 5.52±0.18 mmol/l in the serum. First days after injection of alloxan, the concentration had increased to 21.65±11.8 mmol/l. It reached its peak level of 30.47±2.55 mmol/l on the 3rd day. The level decreased, falling in all groups to 28.00±1.02mmol/l on day 14, control group. The differences between the control group and hyperglycaemic groups were statistically highly significant (p < 0.05). The result of the experiment were confirmed that using by blood glucose in antidiabet-3 treatment groups taken for an observation at 3 day from it was decreased to 22.20±2.5 (2.88%), post 7 day it was decreased 19.03±2.75 (14.3%), post 14 day it was 14.86±0.80 (33.06%), which it is showed may decrease the blood glucose from diabetic rabbits. The mean total activity of AST was increased 133.3 ± 18.1 u/l of that in the Antidiabet3 group. By day 14, this value had decreased by about 91.8* ± 4.01 u/l and Alloxaninduced diabetic rabbits administered with aqueous extract showed 31% decline in the activity of AST level on 1 and 14 day, respectively. The mean total activity of ferment ALT was increased 160.22 ±25.86 u/l of that in the AD3 group. By day 14, this value had decreased by about 91.8±4.01 u/l (42.7%). Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits administered with aqueous extract showed 6.11%, 9.57%, 30.41%, and 24.45% decline in the activity of ferment level on 1, 3, 7, and 14 day, respectively. They can also improve the condition of diabetes as indicated by parameters like serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride. It is now established that there is a gradual decrease in beta-cell function and mass that may occur in individuals at high risk of developing type II diabetes. To prevent the loss of beta-cell function and mass, beta-cell stabilization or regeneration must occur. The renewal of β-cells in diabetes has been studied in several animal models. For example epicatechin has been shown to act by β- cell regeneration. Conclusions: In conclusion, Antidiabet-3 preparation exhibited significant antihyperglycaemic activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. The establishment of diabetes mellitus in group I rabbits was observed after first week of alloxan administration by increased fasting blood glucose levels. Keen and NgTang (1982) reported that the minimum-defining characteristic feature to identify diabetes mellitus is chronic and substantiated elevation of circulating glucose concentration. Establishment of diabetes mellitus in rabbits in this study, induced by alloxan administration, might be attributable to specific irreversible toxic effects of alloxan on beta cells of pancreas (Dunn et al. 1943; Lukenes 1948).