Introduction: In the current time, the information on medical sciences is in a huge increase due to focused researches in medicine to expand knowledge. Although there are a lot of knowledge in medicine, it is urgently required to introduce new teaching methods for medical students. Aim: We have applied the method "Problem-based learning" to compare to traditional teaching method in medical genetics. Method: In the study, 22 students in 2 groups were participated and the data were collected by using external evaluation, student grades and questionnaire. Results: According to the result, the student participation was evaluated as good and excellent in 82% of PBL-taught group. Moreover, the student grades were "A" and "B" marked in 82% of PBL-taught group. Finally, the result showed that the students' satisfaction of PBL-taught group to medical genetics was found as 100%. Conclusion Taking together, those results suggested that the method "Problem-based learning" might be an effective tool to teach medical genetics for students.

Introduction: Many studies have been intensively conducted in the field of pharmaceutical engineering to improve the drug efficiency by developing effective drug delivery systems. In recent years, it has been reported that the concentration of amoxicillin in blood and stomach after administration is not stable thereby decreasing its therapeutic efficacy. In the current, we aimed to develop a red blood cell-based drug delivery system to maintain the amoxicillin serum concentration. Method: Erythrocyte swelling technology was used to prepare amoxicillin-loaded red blood cells. After that, the shape, drug content, entrapment efficiency, hemolysis, drug release rate and antibacterial effect were thoroughly investigated. Results: Developed drug delivery system was round in shape. The drug content and entrapment efficiency were 33% and 62%, respectively. The drug release rate was evaluated around 2.03%. Furthermore, the amoxicillin-loaded red blood cells were an effective agent against E.coli while it wasn’t effective against S.aureus. Conclusion The results indicated that the red blood cell-based technology could stabilize the amoxicillin serum concentration.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

Introduction: Many effective anticancer drugs are limited to use for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy due to drug resistance mechanisms in liver cells. In recent years, tumor-targeted drug delivery and inhibition of drug resistance-related mechanisms become an integrated strategy to combat effectively chemoresistant cancer. Aim: Herein, lactobionic acid-conjugated D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS-LA conjugate) was developed as a potential asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASG PR (-targeted nanocarrier and an efficient inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to enhance etoposide (ETO) efficacy against HCC. Methods: Main properties of ETO-loaded TPGS-LA nanoparticles (NPs) were tested through in vitro and in vivo studies after prepared using nanoprecipitation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results: According to the results, smaller sized (~141.43 nm) and positively charged ETO-loaded TPGS-LA NPs were more suitable to provide an efficient delivery to hepatoma cells by avoiding clearance mechanisms. It was found that ETO-loaded TPGS-LA NPs could enhance noticeably cytotoxicity of ETO in HepG2 cells. Besides, markedly higher internalization by ASGPR overexpressed HepG2 cells and efficient accumulation at tumor site in vivo were revealed in TPGS-LA NPs group. More importantly, animal studies confirmed that ETO-loaded TPGS-LA NPs achieved the highest therapeutic efficacy against HCC. Interestingly, ETO-loaded TPGS-LA NPs also exhibited a great inhibitory effect on P-gp compared to ETO-loaded TPGS NPs. Conclusion These results suggest that TPGSLA NPs could be used as a potential delivery system of ETO against HCC.

Abstract We have worked on the research related with total flavonoid isolated Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder, which enhance and restore physical energy and reduce mental pain. According to the result, the highest amount (2.4±0.007%) of the total flavonoids was found in the 40% ethanol extract of Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder at 60 minutes of extraction time. Subsequently, the granulated formulation from the extract of Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder was prepared by using 4% of gelatin, 4% of polyvinylchloride and 4% of carboxymethyl cellulose. The fluidity and pouring weight of the granule was evaluated and 4% of gelatin was chosen as the suitable binder for the formulation. In conclusion, we have successfully developed the granulated formulation from Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder.

Background: Infections in respiratory systems have spread throughout the world without any restrictions including living places, public issues, and lifestyle. Three main causes of illnesses for the population of cities and rural areas were gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. After investigated some medicinal herbs including Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa, it has been reported that they had antiinflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing effects. Lozenge formulation has some advantages for treatment application, such as easily absorbed, good bioavailability and ability of diminishing stomach irritation. In this study, we aimed to obtain a suitable extract from Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa for further lozenge formulation. Purpose: To obtain a suitable extract from Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa, and to conduct qualitative and quantitative studies for some biologically active substances Materials and methods: In this study, an aerial part of Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa were used, and the study was conducted in MUPS. For obtaining a suitable extract, the raw materials were extracted by remaceration, repercolation and circulation methods in 20% and 70% of ethanol and distilled water. The flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were determined by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis for total flavonoids was performed by spectrophotometer. Results: According to the result, a yellow spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa), indicating that flavonoid contained in the extracted solution.
The result was compared to standards of rutin (Rf=0.2) and quercetin (Rf= 0.94). Also, a black, blue spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa), indicating that polyphenols contained in the extracted solution. The spots were compared to gallic acid as a standard substance. In the quantitative assay of total flavonoids in raw materials, black-green precipitation was revealed after procedure. From this result, remaceration and circulation techniques were suitable to extract the raw materials. Flavonoid content was 3.35±0.04% after using remaceration technique, which indicated that it was more suitable to extract the raw materials. Conclusions These results showed that the appropriate extracting solution for Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa was 70% of ethanol. In this case, 3.35±0.04% of flavonoid was extracted by remaceration technique.

Introduction: Amenorrhea has still been listed as one of common diseases among women in Mongolia. Some traditional prescription for amenorrhea, used commonly in Mongolian traditional medicine, needs more attention to dig out its scientific proof of therapeutic effect on pathogenesis of some diseases. Therefore, we aimed to research Shimshin-6 traditional prescription to develop a granule formulation for amenorrhea and other female reproductive diseases, and study its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Material and method: In this study, Shimshin-6 traditional prescription was randomly collected from 5 pharmaceutical manufacturers named as “Х-1, Х-2, Х-3, Х-4 and Х-5”. The collected prescriptions were granulated and optimized by a wet-granulation method. Then, granule spill weight and flow quality were detected in obtained granule formulation. Result: 20 types of granule formulation from Shimshin-6 were obtained by using 8% and 10% of gelatin, 6% and 8% of polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder in these formulations. As a result, the suitable binder in this formulation was detected 6% of polyvinylpyrrolidone after researching the granule spill weight and flow rate. For the granule formulations of X-1, X-2 and X-5 prescriptions, the polyvinylpyrrolidone was chosen as the suitable binder due to the result from granule spill weight of the formulation. As for the X-3 and X-4 prescriptions, gelatin was the suitable binder in these formulations. After studying the flow quality of newly obtained granule formulations from “Х- 1, Х-2, Х-3, Х-4 and Х-5”, the most suitable binder was polyvinylpyrrolidone. Conclusion Altogether, these results showed that the most suitable binder for granulating Shimshin-6 traditional medicine was 6% of polyvinylpyrrolidone due to the results from granule spill weight and flow rate.

Background: In 2021, 5981 of cancer new cases was registered in Mongolian population. Among those cases, liver cancer was commonly registered with a prevalence of 32.7%. Studies on anticancer agents with no-adverse effects and good-preventive efficacy against cancer have been attracted more attention from the researchers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Saussurrea amara.L, Chiazospermum erectum Berh, and Carthamus tinctorius.L are well recognized as effective agent against liver diseases. Using these raw materials, researchers have been invented a traditional prescription and named as Hepaclin-4. In this study, we aimed to investigate the qualitative study of raw materials and some biologically active sub- stances in the compounds. Purpose: To study the qualitative study of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription Materials and methods: Some qualitative properties of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription, including appearance, minerals, some organic compounds, total ash, water-soluble substances and fungi, were investigated according to Mongolian pharmacopeia and total flavonoid was detected by thin layer chromatography. Results: No changes were observed on the appearance of raw materials, and minerals and organic compounds weren’t detected in the prescription. No contamination with fungi and insects were identified. The moist in the raw materials were 5.9 to 8.1%, total ash was 4.7 to 13.3% and the water-soluble substances were detected 33.8 to 42.9%. Number of aerobic bacteria, fungi and E.coli, Salmonella species were detected in normal range, indicating that the prescription was matched with the requirement of pharmacopeia. According to the thin layer chromatography study of the raw materials, a yellow spot on the chromatogram were identified and same as quercetin (Rf=0.9-0.98) and rutin ((Rf=0.18-0.23)) as standard compounds, which indicated that the spot which indicated that the spot was flavonoids in the prescription. Conclusions These results showed that the appearance, moist, minerals, organic compound, water-soluble substances, ash and biologically active substances of the raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription was corresponded with the requirements of pharmacopeia, and flavonoid was detected in raw materials of Hepaclin-4.

Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.