BackgroundThese study made us to investigate the drug row material of Mongolian traditional medicine such us Tribulus terrestris, Malva neclecta Wall and Eriocheir sinensis compounded preparation named “Malbus”. Investigated us preparations steel using for treatment of kidney and urinetract deseases, it is one of effective in Mongolian traditional drug preparations.Material and MethodsThe experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee at the Ministry Health of Mongolia. In research we used 20 healthy mice and 60 Wistar rats. Investigation was based and implemented at scientific research laboratory of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Producttion Corporation and pathological laboratory of Institute Veterinary medicine. Chemically acting substances is steroid saponin content in Malbus compound was detected by using thin layerchromatography (TLC) and its value was determined by UV-spectrophotometry. The acute oral toxicity study was according to the method Prozorovsky (1978). The toxic nephrosis was produced using Gentamicin (80 mg/kg) rats by using Neugarten’s method (1983).ResultsThe ethanolic extract results of the phytochemical investigations showed that conteined in the “Malbus” determined the presence of bioactive substances such as flavonoids, steroid saponins. The ethanolic extract of Malbus was found to be LD50 of 16.3 g/kg. Toxic nephrosis was induced in Wistar rats administered preparation Malbus dose 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, and 240 mg/kg. Blood levels of creatinine, uric acid, and urea were siginificantly reduced by Malbus treatment compared tocontrol. Histological study revealed that Malbus was effective for treatment of nephritis in rats induced by gentamicin.Conclusions:1. The ethanolic extract of “Malbus” compound determined the presence of bioactive substances such as flavonoids, steroid saponins.2. LD50 of Malbus 16.3 g/kg, the preparation is has nephroprotective effect on experimental Gentamicine induced nephrosis in rats.

Background: Soil pollution in Ulaanbaatar has increased in recent years, causing infectious and non-communicable diseases, both benign and malignant.
Therefore, in order to reduce soil pollution, it is necessary to isolate strains resistant to heavy metals and use these microorganisms capable to degrade or accumulate heavy metals for bioremediation purposes. Methods: Bacterial pure cultures were isolated from soil and water samples and incubated in a Nutrient Broth medium with a lead concentration of 1000 mg/L in a thermostat with a shaker at 37°C. The growth rate was determined at a wavelength of 600 nm using a Spectrophotometer. Results: In total 69 pure cultures were isolated from the soil samples and 65 pure cultures from them were able to grow at the concentration of lead of 1 mmol/L. 4 pure cultures (UBLF1, UBLF3, UBMF2, and SUBZ4) were able tolerate lead concentrations up to 8 mM. These cultures were determined by semi-automatic VITEK®2 analyzers and identified as Bacillus sp. (83%) and UBMF2 identified as Bacillus thuringiensis (93%) respectively. Conclusion The lead content in water samples were found to be acceptable, and isolated pure cultures were not able to withstand the lead concentrations.
Pure culture UBLF3 isolated from the soil capable to reduce lead concentration (500 mg/L) up to 302 mg/L and 230 mg/L in the medium, and pure culture UBMF2 up to 340 mg/L and 279 mg/L respectively

BACKGROUND. The Mongolian traditional medicine Anar-5 is excellent for weak digestion and helps with stomach irritation, loss of appetite, and resulting body weakness. Anar-5 blends punicagranatum, cinnamomum cassia presl, piper longum, cardamom and alpiniaofficinarum. We are establish an experimental animal of chronic gastritis to investigate the effect of traditional medicine Anar-5 on rats gastric mucosa. Methods: In this study, the protective effect preparation in sixty five healthy, male wistar rats were treated with intragastric administration of ammonia water 0.1%. To rats in three experiments for 2 week, 4 week, and 6wk, gastric tissues were examined histopathologically for atrophic changes and blood’s gastrin produced by preparation treatment. Results: After the treatment of animals blood’s gastrin was significantly different from that in control group (p<0.05), and the gastric mucosal inflammation was infiltration of inflammatory cells, decreased thickness of lamina propria. Conclusion: Treatment with preparation from Anar-5 protectived by the chronic gastritis and gastric atrophy.

Background: In recent years, work-life balance has become a pressing issue for healthcare workers in many developing countries around the world. An imbalance between work and personal life leads to psychological stress, health problems, loss of self-confidence, job dissatisfaction, and decreased work productivity due to an inability to concentrate. It also results in a decline in the quality of treatment and services. Furthermore, it increases the risk of medical errors and con tributes to both physical and mental burnout, ultimately leading to resignation. Aim: The study analyzed the work-life balance and turnover intentions of employees at family health centers. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional model and a quantitative survey method. The work-life balance of employees at Family Health Centers was examined using the work-life balance assessment question naire developed by Hayman (2005), and turnover intentions were assessed using the standard questionnaire developed by Auerbach et al. (2014). The research was carried out in 2024. The study included 123 employees from 22 Family Health Centers located in the Bayangol, Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Songinokhairkhan, Khan-Uul, and Chingeltei districts of Ulaanbaatar. Results: Of the participants, 95.1% were female, with an average age of 35.2±9.5. Among them, 55.3% were doctors, 29.3% were nurses, 9.8% were health social workers, and 5.7% were other non-medical staff. The income of Family Health Center employees was found to be insufficient; 8.9% had incomes below the minimum subsistence level, and their ability to meet basic household needs was very limited. The results show that participants’ work negatively impacted their personal life (WIPL–23.5), and personal life negatively affected their work (PLIW–15), both of which scored high. Meanwhile, the positive interaction between work and personal life (WPLE–10.7) was low, indicating a disruption in their work-life balance. Working overtime was statistically significant in relation to work-life imbalance (p=0.038). As age and years worked at the current organization increased, the negative impact of work on personal life and personal life on work tended to decrease. Conclusion The work-life balance of Family Health Center employees has been disrupted. The level of work negatively affecting personal life and personal life negatively affecting work is high. 65% of Family Health Center employees are considering leaving their current organization, and 41% are considering leaving the healthcare field.

Background: Minerals are important for the proper body functioning. They also play a role in preventing and fighting diseases. Reference values for minerals help physicians evaluate the mineral status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some minerals to be used for evaluation of the nutrition status of Mongolians. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty healthy adults (120 males and 120 females) of 17 to 70 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Ministry of Health of Mongolia. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The lower and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean level of blood iron was 30.50 µmol/L (95% CI 29.71-31.29) for men and 30.91 µmol/L (95% CI 30.03-31.79) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 21.39-37.72 µmol/L and 19.87-39.67 µmol/L for females. The mean concentration of zinc in the blood of males was 11.00 µmol/L (95% CI 10.69-11.31) and that of females was 11.79 µmol/L (95% CI 11.39-12.19). The reference interval for blood zinc was 8.20-14.92 µmol/L in men and 8.52-16.67 µmol/L in women. The mean level of blood copper was 15.28 µmol/L (95% CI 14.64-15.89) for men and 18.08 µmol/L (95% CI 17.30-18.86) for women. The calculated reference interval for copper in males was 9.72-22.34 µmol/L and that in females was 11.18-27.27 µmol/L. Conclusion The reference values for zinc, copper and iron of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other countries. The calculated reference intervals can be used for evaluation of the nutrition status and making clinical decisions.

Background: Reference values are very important for the clinical decisions in laboratory diagnosis and clinical management of patients. Method: A total of 340 adults (apparently healthy individuals) between 18 to 70 years resident in the Ulaanbaatar city were randomly selected and enrolled in this survey. 340 adults made up of 170 males, 170 females were assessed by a clinician to be healthy. About 5 ml of blood was collected with EDTA test tube and analyzed using automated analyser to enumerate the hematological parameters (red blood cell, white blood cell, hemoglobin and haematocrit). Reference values were determined at 2.5^th and 97.5^th percentiles. Results: Reference values estabilished include: red blood cell 4.69-6.04×1012/L, white blood cell 3.98-9.11×109/L, haemoglobin 145-176 g/L, haematocrit 42.6-52.9% for males and red blood cell 4.10-5.20×1012/L, white blood cell 3.50-9.08×109/L, haemoglobin 121.8-148.2 g/L, haematocrit 36-44.7% for females. Conclusion We were determined mean and reference range of haematological parameters (red blood cell, white blood cell, haemoglobin, haemotocrit) which are important for assessing the nutritional status of adults according to the international standard methodology. The international reference range shows that white blood cells counts do not indicate gender and our data (р=0.0964 are statistically insignificant) also offers no significant difference was found between samples for male and female subjects.

Background: We set the average value and reference range of blood plasma proteins (total protein, albumin, transferrin, retinol binding protein, prealbumin) to be used to assess the nutritional status of Mongolian adult. According to step by step research methodology, 170 women, 170 men and a total of 340 people were surveyed using a combination of questionnaires and analytic methods. Methods: The total protein and albumin content of the collected samples was analyzed by colorimetric method using “Humalyzer 2000” semi automatic analyzer and prealbumin, transferring and retinol binding protein was analyzed by ELISA method of “ELX 880”. The lower limit of the reference value of the identified parameters was calculated to be 2.5 per centil and the upper limit was 97.5 per centil. Results: Determining average and reference range of proteins in the plasma of a total 340 participants, the average of total protein was 74.54(CI 95%; 72.67-76.38) g/l for men, and 73.59(CI 95%; 72.39-74.79) g/l for women, while the reference range was 55.26-95.79 g/l for men and 58.38-84.72 g/l for women. According to determined above, there is no statistically significant difference in gender (p>0.40). The average albumin level is 48.20(CI 95%; 47.04-49.36) g/l for men and 46.28(CI 95%; 45.32-47.24) g/l for women, while reference range is 37.14-60.01 g/l for men and 34.97-57.60 g/l for women. It means there is a statistically significant difference for the gender (p=0.012). The average prealbum level is 332.43(CI 95%; 311.28-353.58) mg/l for men, 381.67(CI 95%; 360.98-402.36) mg/l for women, while reference range is 171.3-485.0 mg/l for men and 215.5-535.0 mg/l for women. It means there is a statistically significant difference for the gender (p=0.0012). The average range of transferrin 4.01(CI 95%; 3.76-4.26) g/l for men and 4.43(CI 95%; 4.20-4.66) g/l for women while reference range is 2.20-6.92 g/l for men and 2.58-7.05 g/l for women, is a statistically significant difference for the gender (p=0.017). The average level of retinol binding protein is 1.73(CI 95%; 1.61-1.85) μmol/l for men and 2.01(CI 95%; 1.89-2.13) μmol/l for women, while reference range is 0.73-3.08 μmol/l for men and 0.73-3.08 μmol/l for women, is a statistically significant difference for the gender (p=0.0017). Conclusions For the first time we conducted a study to determine the average amount and reference range of proteins needed to assess the nutritional status of adults (total protein, albumin, prealbumin, transferring, retinol binding protein) according to international standard methods, which is relatively high compared to other researchers. According to the result of the study, it is not possible to directly follow the result of researchers from other countries and the reference range of blood proteins directly to Mongolians. The result of this study has become an important innovation in practice and treatment, as medical professionals have been able to use it in their diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Vitamins are nutrients essential for human health. They act as coenzymes that help trigger important chemical reactions necessary for energy production. Reference values for vitamins help physicians evaluate the health status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some water-soluble vitamins of Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty healthy adults (170 males and 170 females) of 17 to 69 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the Resolution No.76 of 2018 of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography method. The lower- and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean blood level of vitamin C was 11.88 mg/L (95% CI 10.47-13.29) for men and 9.62 mg/L (95% CI 8.11-11.13) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 1.40-19.40 mg/L and 1.17-18.04 mg/L for females. The mean concentration of vitamin B₁₂ in the blood of males was 938.45 ng/L (95% CI 747.22-1129.68) and that of females was 864.03 ng/L (95% CI 603.81-1124.25). The reference interval for vitamin B₁₂ was 233.03-1597.00 ng/L in men and 132.45-1623.86 ng/L in women. The mean level of vitamin B₉ was 8.47 ng/mL (95% CI 5.64-11.30) for men and 6.91 ng/mL (95% CI 4.89-8.93) for women. The calculated reference interval for this vitamin in males was 1.04-24.74 ng/mL and that in females was 1.04-21.46 ng/mL. As for vitamin B₆, the mean concentration for men was 44.42 ng/mL (95% CI 37.01-51.83) and for women was 34.67 ng/mL (95% CI 29.97-39.39) with the reference intervals of 5.90-79.02 ng/mL for men and 5.27-61.72 ng/mL for women. Conclusion The reference values for vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other populations. The calculated reference intervals can be used in the practice of health laboratories.

Introduction: Major outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by enteroviruses (EV) have been reported in recent years. As of 2017, in Mongolia, hand, foot and mouth disease, or HFMD, accounts for 13.7% of all infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the circulation of EV among healthy children, and clinical characteristics of infection. Materials and Methods : The analysis of EV circulation was conducted on Polio Laboratory data of 1172 specimens, collected in 2013-2018, from 9 districts of UB and 21 provinces of Mongolia. Also specimens of 239 patients, who underwent outpatient and inpatient treatment at the NCCD in 2014-2018, were randomly selected and stool samples were collected. Clinical symptoms of patients were analyzed and virus isolation analysis was performed in order to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Children from 1 month of age to 5 years have participated in the study and the average age was 2 years and 5 months. The enterovirus rate among healthy children was 20.1%. Virus circulation rate was highest in 2013 (37.2%), lowest in 2014 (11.8%). The peak of circulation is observed in May and October, while the minimum rate is in July.
Out of selected patients 52.7% (n=126) were diagnosed with HFMD, rash infection occurred in 28.5% (n=68), acute flaccid paralysis-18.8% (n=45). EV was detected in 56.4% (n=135) of the collected stool samples.
Children from 1 month of age to 5 years have participated in the study and the average age was 2 years and 5 months (95% CI:2.5 ±0.1). 49% (n=578) of participants were female, 50.7% (n=594) were male. The enterovirus rate among healthy children were 20.1% (n=236; 95% CI: 20.1 ± 0.55). Virus circulation rate was highest in 2013 (37.2%), lowest in 2014 (11.8%). The peak of circulation is observed in May and October, while the minimum rate is in July. Although the enterovirus isolation rate was relatively high among children under 3, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05), as well as there was no difference in gender (p>0.05). As for the EV circulation by region, the highest prevalence rate is found in Central region (27.5%), while the lowest is in the Eastern region (12.7%) with no statistical significance by regions (p>0.05). Conclusions Among children, HFMD is a common disease, that caused by EV. Enterovirus infection can often cause fever, flu like symptoms as well as spotted, maculopapular rash. The EV isolation rate of 20.1% indicates that the incidence of enterovirus is characterized by symptoms of influenza-like illness or is asymptomatic.

Background: Currently, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. CRC frequently metastasizes to the liver (50%), lungs (10–15%), peritoneum (4%), bones (10.7%–23.7%), brain (0.3%–6%), and spinal cord. Approximately 35% of CRC cases are diagnosed before distant metastasis, 36% upon lymph node involvement, and 23% after distant organ metastasis. Although several studies have established primary tumor models in mice in our country, there are limited studies on experimental lung metastasis models, prompting the need for this research. Aim: To establish and evaluate a lung metastasis model of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6J mice using the MC38 cell line. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mongolian National Uni versity of Medical Sciences. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Board of the Mongolian National Univer sity of Medical Sciences (2023/3-09) and all laboratory safety regulations and protocols were strictly followed. Male C57BL/6J mice bred at the Experimental Animal Center of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were used. MC38 murine colorectal carcinoma cells were cultured and injected intravenously (via the tail vein) at a concen tration of 0.25×10⁶ cells per mouse (n=12) to induce lung metastasis. Histological analysis was subsequently performed. Results: Histological examination revealed significant alterations in lung tissue architecture, characterized by areas of dense infiltration by pleomorphic, hyperchromatic cells, disrupting the normal alveolar structure. No histological abnor malities were observed in other organs. Conclusion Intravenous injection of MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells into the tail vein of C57BL/6J mice success fully induced lung metastases, characterized by hyperchromatic, pleomorphic cell infiltrates forming glandular structures within the lung parenchyma.