The oral hygiene is not relatively good cause of smoking, ignoring oral hygiene, not having enough self-care skills and independent living in case mental illness. Their grinding the teeth, serotonin decreases when the people are depressed and then it makes the carbohydrates increases, loses the sense of taste. Therefore they use a lot of sweet, the salivary output decreases, increase in the number of lactobacili and then it makes the cause ofabnormal disease detections including tooth decay, trigeminus neural pain in temporomandibular joint /TMJ/, oral yeast infection, oral bad breath, burning sensation of the tongue, chronic facial pain. Also the oral can disease detects from drug causes like using the anti-depression drugs for at least 6 months.Using analytical research permanent design, I got 55 patients to take part in the survey who are staying in 5th flat , National Clinic of Mental Health from 22nd of September 2014 until 26th of September. When I do the research for history of their patients: among the diagnosis of 16 people disorder depressed, the 13 patients agreed to have a preventive examination voluntary, one of them declined to do it. I use many methods of researching like questionnaire methods interview method, prevention oforal cavity and clinical examinations, respectively Study shows that curriculum contents of School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences have comparatively less contents of understanding about healthy person, assessment on human, giving advice healthy human, path anatomy, physiology, communication skills.The most of the survey participant patients have holes in their teeth, gum inflammation, and tongue stress disorder. It shows that it decreased to pay attention on their oral hygiene associated with symptoms and it effects directly related to the decrease in salivary output.Depressed People are so bad at paying attention to their oral hygiene habits.

Children with impaired hearing have communication and learning difficulty due to delay in the development of receptive and expression communications. Communication difficulties can often lead to social isolation and poor self-estimation. Oral health status in children with impaired hearing tends to be poor due to several reasons as difficulty of adequate training of caregiving parents, parents luck of information and effort. Aim: To study oral health status and oral education level among students of special school №29 for disabled children.A cross-sectional descriptive study. 224 students aged 6-22 years were selected for this study. Participants were subjected to oral examination and were asked to answer to the questionnairePrevalence of caries and DMFT index, dental plague, occlusion and the oral education levels were assessed. The caries prevalence was 95.9%, and the mean DMFT index was 5.5. Dental plaques were identified in 31.7-49.2% of subjects differing among age groups. Among examined children, 32% of subjects had a malocclusion and 18 children underwent cleft lip palate surgical treatment. According to questionnaire 21% of subjects reported that tooth brushing is not significant measure to maintain oral health, which shows that oral education level among subjects was low. Oral health status of children with impaired hearing was in a level comparable to that of healthy children, although the incidence of cleft lip and palate and gingivitis were higher.

BackgroundThese study made us to investigate the drug row material of Mongolian traditional medicine such us Tribulus terrestris, Malva neclecta Wall and Eriocheir sinensis compounded preparation named “Malbus”. Investigated us preparations steel using for treatment of kidney and urinetract deseases, it is one of effective in Mongolian traditional drug preparations.Material and MethodsThe experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee at the Ministry Health of Mongolia. In research we used 20 healthy mice and 60 Wistar rats. Investigation was based and implemented at scientific research laboratory of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Producttion Corporation and pathological laboratory of Institute Veterinary medicine. Chemically acting substances is steroid saponin content in Malbus compound was detected by using thin layerchromatography (TLC) and its value was determined by UV-spectrophotometry. The acute oral toxicity study was according to the method Prozorovsky (1978). The toxic nephrosis was produced using Gentamicin (80 mg/kg) rats by using Neugarten’s method (1983).ResultsThe ethanolic extract results of the phytochemical investigations showed that conteined in the “Malbus” determined the presence of bioactive substances such as flavonoids, steroid saponins. The ethanolic extract of Malbus was found to be LD50 of 16.3 g/kg. Toxic nephrosis was induced in Wistar rats administered preparation Malbus dose 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, and 240 mg/kg. Blood levels of creatinine, uric acid, and urea were siginificantly reduced by Malbus treatment compared tocontrol. Histological study revealed that Malbus was effective for treatment of nephritis in rats induced by gentamicin.Conclusions:1. The ethanolic extract of “Malbus” compound determined the presence of bioactive substances such as flavonoids, steroid saponins.2. LD50 of Malbus 16.3 g/kg, the preparation is has nephroprotective effect on experimental Gentamicine induced nephrosis in rats.

Background: Soil pollution in Ulaanbaatar has increased in recent years, causing infectious and non-communicable diseases, both benign and malignant.
Therefore, in order to reduce soil pollution, it is necessary to isolate strains resistant to heavy metals and use these microorganisms capable to degrade or accumulate heavy metals for bioremediation purposes. Methods: Bacterial pure cultures were isolated from soil and water samples and incubated in a Nutrient Broth medium with a lead concentration of 1000 mg/L in a thermostat with a shaker at 37°C. The growth rate was determined at a wavelength of 600 nm using a Spectrophotometer. Results: In total 69 pure cultures were isolated from the soil samples and 65 pure cultures from them were able to grow at the concentration of lead of 1 mmol/L. 4 pure cultures (UBLF1, UBLF3, UBMF2, and SUBZ4) were able tolerate lead concentrations up to 8 mM. These cultures were determined by semi-automatic VITEK®2 analyzers and identified as Bacillus sp. (83%) and UBMF2 identified as Bacillus thuringiensis (93%) respectively. Conclusion The lead content in water samples were found to be acceptable, and isolated pure cultures were not able to withstand the lead concentrations.
Pure culture UBLF3 isolated from the soil capable to reduce lead concentration (500 mg/L) up to 302 mg/L and 230 mg/L in the medium, and pure culture UBMF2 up to 340 mg/L and 279 mg/L respectively

BACKGROUND: In Ulaanbaatar, the first case of the pandemic influenza infection has been reported on 12 October 2010.By November 9, a total of 929 cases laboratory-confirmed had been reported to National Center for CommunicableDiseases (NCCD). Of these cases reported, 9 people died.METHODS: The objectives of the study were to describe patients who admitted and hospitalized at NCCD and to determineoverall attack rates among health workers, secondary attack rates among students of colleges and universities. Datawas analyzed using Epi-Info2000.RESULTS: Among 929 of laboratory-confirmed cases, 50.3% (95% CI 43.0-57.5) were males aged 23 (±14.9) in averagewith youngest – 7 months, oldest – 76 years old. Data analysis by districts among the hospitalized patients, showed32.8% (139) of total cases in Bayanzurkh district including the first case of the pandemic influenza infection. The majorityof patients who admitted and hospitalized to NCCD mostly experienced fever (288, 68.1%), dry cough (251, 59.3%),headache (203, 48.0%), sore throat (175, 41.6%). With 1020 physicians and health workers in total, 41.4% (422) ofthem work at NCCD, 35.4% (361) – at MCHRC. 11.1% of health workers out of total become ill with pandemic H1N12009 (overall attack rate 11.1%) with the most common symptom, 380C and higher fever (100.0%, 113), sore throat(83.2%, 94), cough (76.1%, 86) and runny nose (59.3%, 67). The higher attack rates of health workers by occupationwere doctor (18.0%) and auxiliary (13%). The secondary attack rates among university students for influenza-likeillness(ILI) were 12.9%. These secondary attack rates were higher among students of art’s college as compared withother universities (52.4%). For students, the main clinical symptoms were fever + sore throat (75.0%, 18), fever+ cough(70.8%, 17).DISCUSSION: In China, as of 27 September, 2009, from reported total 19981 cases infected with pandemic influenza,61.0% were males, mean age was 17, mainly affected with 83% school students that consistent with our study result.The similar results on clinical symptoms were obtained in Russia. Out of 130 patients, 28.6% had 380Ñ and higherfever, for 54.3% the body temperature reached 38.1-390Ñ where as 17.1% - higher 390Ñ and 96% had cough, 89%had muscle ache, 65% had headache, 14% had diarrhea.

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the 6th most common cancer inthe world, but the first most commoncause of cancer death in Mongolia. Thereis no universally accepted consensuspractice guidelines for HCC owing to rapiddevelopments in new treatment modalities,the heterogeneous epidemiology and clinicalpresentation of HCC worldwide.Methods and Materials: This study wasconducted in the department of generalsurgery of Second Central Hospital ofMongolia between 2015 and 2016 on a totalof 36 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Results: The average of operationtime is a 132.2 min, the hospital stay 18.2days. Postoperative bleeding was 2.7% (1),encephalopathy 5.4% (2), wound infection5.4% (2), and incisional hernia 8.1% (3).There were not bile leak during 30 dayspostoperative day.Conclusion: Postoperative complicationis a comparable to different researcher.There were no death within first month.

BACKGROUND. The Mongolian traditional medicine Anar-5 is excellent for weak digestion and helps with stomach irritation, loss of appetite, and resulting body weakness. Anar-5 blends punicagranatum, cinnamomum cassia presl, piper longum, cardamom and alpiniaofficinarum. We are establish an experimental animal of chronic gastritis to investigate the effect of traditional medicine Anar-5 on rats gastric mucosa. Methods: In this study, the protective effect preparation in sixty five healthy, male wistar rats were treated with intragastric administration of ammonia water 0.1%. To rats in three experiments for 2 week, 4 week, and 6wk, gastric tissues were examined histopathologically for atrophic changes and blood’s gastrin produced by preparation treatment. Results: After the treatment of animals blood’s gastrin was significantly different from that in control group (p<0.05), and the gastric mucosal inflammation was infiltration of inflammatory cells, decreased thickness of lamina propria. Conclusion: Treatment with preparation from Anar-5 protectived by the chronic gastritis and gastric atrophy.

Introduction: Major outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by enteroviruses (EV) have been reported in recent years. As of 2017, in Mongolia, hand, foot and mouth disease, or HFMD, accounts for 13.7% of all infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the circulation of EV among healthy children, and clinical characteristics of infection. Materials and Methods : The analysis of EV circulation was conducted on Polio Laboratory data of 1172 specimens, collected in 2013-2018, from 9 districts of UB and 21 provinces of Mongolia. Also specimens of 239 patients, who underwent outpatient and inpatient treatment at the NCCD in 2014-2018, were randomly selected and stool samples were collected. Clinical symptoms of patients were analyzed and virus isolation analysis was performed in order to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Children from 1 month of age to 5 years have participated in the study and the average age was 2 years and 5 months. The enterovirus rate among healthy children was 20.1%. Virus circulation rate was highest in 2013 (37.2%), lowest in 2014 (11.8%). The peak of circulation is observed in May and October, while the minimum rate is in July.
Out of selected patients 52.7% (n=126) were diagnosed with HFMD, rash infection occurred in 28.5% (n=68), acute flaccid paralysis-18.8% (n=45). EV was detected in 56.4% (n=135) of the collected stool samples.
Children from 1 month of age to 5 years have participated in the study and the average age was 2 years and 5 months (95% CI:2.5 ±0.1). 49% (n=578) of participants were female, 50.7% (n=594) were male. The enterovirus rate among healthy children were 20.1% (n=236; 95% CI: 20.1 ± 0.55). Virus circulation rate was highest in 2013 (37.2%), lowest in 2014 (11.8%). The peak of circulation is observed in May and October, while the minimum rate is in July. Although the enterovirus isolation rate was relatively high among children under 3, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05), as well as there was no difference in gender (p>0.05). As for the EV circulation by region, the highest prevalence rate is found in Central region (27.5%), while the lowest is in the Eastern region (12.7%) with no statistical significance by regions (p>0.05). Conclusions Among children, HFMD is a common disease, that caused by EV. Enterovirus infection can often cause fever, flu like symptoms as well as spotted, maculopapular rash. The EV isolation rate of 20.1% indicates that the incidence of enterovirus is characterized by symptoms of influenza-like illness or is asymptomatic.

Background: Vitamins are nutrients essential for human health. They act as coenzymes that help trigger important chemical reactions necessary for energy production. Reference values for vitamins help physicians evaluate the health status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some water-soluble vitamins of Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty healthy adults (170 males and 170 females) of 17 to 69 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the Resolution No.76 of 2018 of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography method. The lower- and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean blood level of vitamin C was 11.88 mg/L (95% CI 10.47-13.29) for men and 9.62 mg/L (95% CI 8.11-11.13) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 1.40-19.40 mg/L and 1.17-18.04 mg/L for females. The mean concentration of vitamin B₁₂ in the blood of males was 938.45 ng/L (95% CI 747.22-1129.68) and that of females was 864.03 ng/L (95% CI 603.81-1124.25). The reference interval for vitamin B₁₂ was 233.03-1597.00 ng/L in men and 132.45-1623.86 ng/L in women. The mean level of vitamin B₉ was 8.47 ng/mL (95% CI 5.64-11.30) for men and 6.91 ng/mL (95% CI 4.89-8.93) for women. The calculated reference interval for this vitamin in males was 1.04-24.74 ng/mL and that in females was 1.04-21.46 ng/mL. As for vitamin B₆, the mean concentration for men was 44.42 ng/mL (95% CI 37.01-51.83) and for women was 34.67 ng/mL (95% CI 29.97-39.39) with the reference intervals of 5.90-79.02 ng/mL for men and 5.27-61.72 ng/mL for women. Conclusion The reference values for vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other populations. The calculated reference intervals can be used in the practice of health laboratories.

Background: Minerals are important for the proper body functioning. They also play a role in preventing and fighting diseases. Reference values for minerals help physicians evaluate the mineral status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some minerals to be used for evaluation of the nutrition status of Mongolians. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty healthy adults (120 males and 120 females) of 17 to 70 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Ministry of Health of Mongolia. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The lower and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean level of blood iron was 30.50 µmol/L (95% CI 29.71-31.29) for men and 30.91 µmol/L (95% CI 30.03-31.79) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 21.39-37.72 µmol/L and 19.87-39.67 µmol/L for females. The mean concentration of zinc in the blood of males was 11.00 µmol/L (95% CI 10.69-11.31) and that of females was 11.79 µmol/L (95% CI 11.39-12.19). The reference interval for blood zinc was 8.20-14.92 µmol/L in men and 8.52-16.67 µmol/L in women. The mean level of blood copper was 15.28 µmol/L (95% CI 14.64-15.89) for men and 18.08 µmol/L (95% CI 17.30-18.86) for women. The calculated reference interval for copper in males was 9.72-22.34 µmol/L and that in females was 11.18-27.27 µmol/L. Conclusion The reference values for zinc, copper and iron of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other countries. The calculated reference intervals can be used for evaluation of the nutrition status and making clinical decisions.